B/04 Flashcards
Types of invasions
- Benign / expansive
- Malignant / invasive
- Carcinoma in situ
Characteristics of expansive invasion (3)
- cohesive growth
- fibrous capsule
- atrophy of normal cells
Characteristics of invasive / malignant invasion
- destructive growth
- infiltrates normal tissue
What is carcinoma in situ?
prevents metastasis / invasion until the basement membrane is broken
Which neoplasm has smoldering metastasis?
Melanoma
Types of neoplastic spreads? (3)
- spreading into body cavities
- lymphatic spread
- hematogenous spread
Cancers that have peritoneal metastasis (2)
- ovarium
- GI
Which is the most frequent type of spread?
lymphatic spread
Which lymph node is used for biopsy?
sentinel lymph node
how do we track lymphatic spread?
isotopes of blue dyes
What is the Virchow lymph node?
left supraclavicular lymph node, in gastric cancer
Which route does hematogenous spread usually follow?
veins, because arteries are more resistant
Examples of hematogenous spreads (2)
- renal cell carcinoma - renal vein
- hepatocellular carcinoma - hepatic vein
5 steps of metastatic cascade
- Loosening of intercellular connections
- Local degradation of BM and ECM
- Migration of tumor cells
- Vascular dissemination
- Extravasation
How do tumor cells evade the immune system in the blood?
By covering themselves with platelets
