axial skeleton, muscles, nerves and blood vessels Flashcards
what is the purpose of the axial skeleton
protect
support
contain special senses
contains muscles that move appendicular, posture, and do respiration
how many ribs are there?
24 total
how many vertebrae
24 total
how many cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar
how many curves in the spine
4
what are primary curves
curves in the spine present from birth
thoracic, sacral
what is lordosis
excessive lumbar curve
what is kyphosis
excessive thoracic curve
what if a bifid process and in which bones is it present
bifid process is a forked spinous process.
present c2-c6
what important structure attaches to C7
ligamentum nuchae
where on the thoracic vertebrae do the ribs articulate with
superior and inferior demifacet
transverse costal facet
how do the vertebrae articulate with each other
superior articular facet - inferior articular facet
intervertebral disc
what are the two layers of the intervertebral disc called?
nucleus pulposus
annulus fibrosus
where can the different types of movement occur on the spine
flexion-extension are mostly at lumbar and cervical
lateral flexion is very even across all the vertebrae
rotation occurs mainly between the dens and axis and almost does not occur at all at the lumbar vertebrae
sacrum is formed from what
5 fused vertebrae
what are the functions of the thoracic cage
protect structures located within it.
attachment for muscles.
how are the 12 pairs of ribs subdivided
7 true - has its own cartilage that connects to sternum
5 false - 8-10 connect via rib 7 and 11 and 12 do not connect at all
what are the 5 intervertebral ligaments
ligamentum flavum- yellow due to elastic fibres.
post. longitudinal ligament
ant. longitudinal ligament
interspinous ligament
supraspinous ligament
why does a herniated disk always go posterior and laterally?
the ant. longitudinal ligament blocks the front and direct lateral directions and the post. longitudinal ligament blocks the direct posterior direction
Sternocleidomastoid OIA
O: sternal end of clavicle, manubrium
I: mastoid process
A: bilateral: flexes neck
unilaterally: lateral flexion, contralateral rotation.
scalenes OIA
O: transverse and costal process of C2-C6
I: Anterior and middle: rib 1
posterior: rib 2
A: flexes neck, lateral flexion, ipsilateral rotation.
which muscles are part of the superficial layer of the posterior neck
name action
splenius capitis and cervicis
extend neck and head, lateral flexion. ipsilateral rotation
Name the muscles that form the intermediate layer muscles of the vertebral column
ILS (Lateral to medial)
iliocostalis
-cervicis, thoracis, lumborum
longissimus
-capitis, cervices, thoracis
spinalis
-cervices, thoracis
what is the action of the iliocostalis and longissimus?
extension and lateral flexion.
what is the action of the spinalis
extension
name the different semispinalis muscles and their actions
capitis, cervicis, thoracis
extension of neck and head
lateral flexion, contralateral rotation
name the intervertebral muscles.
rotatores, intertransversarii, interspinales
multifidus OIA
O: sacrum, transverse processes
I: spinous process of the vertebrae 3 above origin
a: extension, contralateral rotation
quadratus lumborum (QL)
O: iliac crest
I: 12th rib, transverse process of L1-L5
A: depresses 12th rib, lateral flexion.
which are the muscles that prevent hyperextension of the neck and what are their actions
longus capitis and Colli
A: flexion of the neck and head and ipsilateral rotation
what is the purpose of the abdominal wall muscles?
support and protect viscera.
increase abdominal cavity pressure
the abdominal wall is made up of which muscles.
rectus abdominus, external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis
rectus abdominis OIA
O: superior pubis
I: cartilages of ribs 5-7, xiphoid process
a: flexes trunk and compresses abdominal cavity
external oblique OIA
O: ribs 5-12
i: external oblique aponeurosis
a: flexes trunk, compresses abdominal cavity, depresses ribs, lateral flexion, contralateral rotation.
hands in pockets muscle
internal oblique OIA
O: thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest
I: ribs 8-12, linea alba
A: flexes trunk, compresses abdominal cavity, lateral flexion, ipsilateral rotation, depresses ribs
transverse abdominis OIA
O: costal cartilage 7-12, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia
I: linea alba
A: compress abdominal cavity
which muscles are involved only in forced inspiration
pectoralis minor, serratus anterior
diaphragm OIA
O: xiphoid process, rib 7-12
I: central tendon sheet
A: expand thoracic cavity
external intercostal OIA
O: inferior border of rib
I: superior border of inferior rib
A: elevate ribs
interior intercostals OIA
O: superior border of rib
I: inferior border of superior rib
A: depress ribs
what structure does the intercostal nerve run through
costal groove
where does the iliohypogastric nerve originate and what does it innervate
t12-L1
it innervates abdominal muscles
what do all axial blood vessels tested branch off of
aorta
how many intercostal arteries are ther
24
how many lumbar arteries are there
10
which veins in the axial skeleton drain into the inferior vena cava
phrenic and lumbar
which axial veins drain into the brachiocephalic vein
hemiazygos, interal throracic and azygos
how does a drop of blood get from the L. intercostal vein into the right atrium
L. intercostal -> hemiazygos -> brachiocephalic vein -> superior vena cava -> right atrium
how does a drop of blood get from the R. intercostal vein into the right atrium
R. intercostal -> azygos -> brachiocephalic vein -> superior vena cava -> right atrium
