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kin100 > axial skeleton, muscles, nerves and blood vessels > Flashcards

axial skeleton, muscles, nerves and blood vessels Flashcards

1
Q

what is the purpose of the axial skeleton

A

protect
support
contain special senses
contains muscles that move appendicular, posture, and do respiration

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2
Q

how many ribs are there?

A

24 total

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3
Q

how many vertebrae

A

24 total

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4
Q

how many cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae

A

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar

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5
Q

how many curves in the spine

A

4

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6
Q

what are primary curves

A

curves in the spine present from birth

thoracic, sacral

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7
Q

what is lordosis

A

excessive lumbar curve

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8
Q

what is kyphosis

A

excessive thoracic curve

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9
Q

what if a bifid process and in which bones is it present

A

bifid process is a forked spinous process.

present c2-c6

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10
Q

what important structure attaches to C7

A

ligamentum nuchae

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11
Q

where on the thoracic vertebrae do the ribs articulate with

A

superior and inferior demifacet
transverse costal facet

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12
Q

how do the vertebrae articulate with each other

A

superior articular facet - inferior articular facet

intervertebral disc

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13
Q

what are the two layers of the intervertebral disc called?

A

nucleus pulposus
annulus fibrosus

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14
Q

where can the different types of movement occur on the spine

A

flexion-extension are mostly at lumbar and cervical

lateral flexion is very even across all the vertebrae

rotation occurs mainly between the dens and axis and almost does not occur at all at the lumbar vertebrae

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15
Q

sacrum is formed from what

A

5 fused vertebrae

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16
Q

what are the functions of the thoracic cage

A

protect structures located within it.
attachment for muscles.

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17
Q

how are the 12 pairs of ribs subdivided

A

7 true - has its own cartilage that connects to sternum
5 false - 8-10 connect via rib 7 and 11 and 12 do not connect at all

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18
Q

what are the 5 intervertebral ligaments

A

ligamentum flavum- yellow due to elastic fibres.

post. longitudinal ligament

ant. longitudinal ligament

interspinous ligament

supraspinous ligament

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19
Q

why does a herniated disk always go posterior and laterally?

A

the ant. longitudinal ligament blocks the front and direct lateral directions and the post. longitudinal ligament blocks the direct posterior direction

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20
Q

Sternocleidomastoid OIA

A

O: sternal end of clavicle, manubrium

I: mastoid process

A: bilateral: flexes neck
unilaterally: lateral flexion, contralateral rotation.

21
Q

scalenes OIA

A

O: transverse and costal process of C2-C6

I: Anterior and middle: rib 1
posterior: rib 2

A: flexes neck, lateral flexion, ipsilateral rotation.

22
Q

which muscles are part of the superficial layer of the posterior neck

name action

A

splenius capitis and cervicis

extend neck and head, lateral flexion. ipsilateral rotation

23
Q

Name the muscles that form the intermediate layer muscles of the vertebral column

A

ILS (Lateral to medial)

iliocostalis
-cervicis, thoracis, lumborum

longissimus
-capitis, cervices, thoracis

spinalis
-cervices, thoracis

24
Q

what is the action of the iliocostalis and longissimus?

A

extension and lateral flexion.

25
Q

what is the action of the spinalis

A

extension

26
Q

name the different semispinalis muscles and their actions

A

capitis, cervicis, thoracis

extension of neck and head
lateral flexion, contralateral rotation

27
Q

name the intervertebral muscles.

A

rotatores, intertransversarii, interspinales

28
Q

multifidus OIA

A

O: sacrum, transverse processes

I: spinous process of the vertebrae 3 above origin

a: extension, contralateral rotation

29
Q

quadratus lumborum (QL)

A

O: iliac crest

I: 12th rib, transverse process of L1-L5

A: depresses 12th rib, lateral flexion.

30
Q

which are the muscles that prevent hyperextension of the neck and what are their actions

A

longus capitis and Colli

A: flexion of the neck and head and ipsilateral rotation

31
Q

what is the purpose of the abdominal wall muscles?

A

support and protect viscera.
increase abdominal cavity pressure

32
Q

the abdominal wall is made up of which muscles.

A

rectus abdominus, external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis

33
Q

rectus abdominis OIA

A

O: superior pubis
I: cartilages of ribs 5-7, xiphoid process
a: flexes trunk and compresses abdominal cavity

34
Q

external oblique OIA

A

O: ribs 5-12
i: external oblique aponeurosis
a: flexes trunk, compresses abdominal cavity, depresses ribs, lateral flexion, contralateral rotation.

hands in pockets muscle

35
Q

internal oblique OIA

A

O: thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest
I: ribs 8-12, linea alba
A: flexes trunk, compresses abdominal cavity, lateral flexion, ipsilateral rotation, depresses ribs

36
Q

transverse abdominis OIA

A

O: costal cartilage 7-12, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia
I: linea alba
A: compress abdominal cavity

37
Q

which muscles are involved only in forced inspiration

A

pectoralis minor, serratus anterior

38
Q

diaphragm OIA

A

O: xiphoid process, rib 7-12
I: central tendon sheet
A: expand thoracic cavity

39
Q

external intercostal OIA

A

O: inferior border of rib
I: superior border of inferior rib
A: elevate ribs

40
Q

interior intercostals OIA

A

O: superior border of rib
I: inferior border of superior rib
A: depress ribs

41
Q

what structure does the intercostal nerve run through

A

costal groove

42
Q

where does the iliohypogastric nerve originate and what does it innervate

A

t12-L1

it innervates abdominal muscles

43
Q

what do all axial blood vessels tested branch off of

A

aorta

44
Q

how many intercostal arteries are ther

A

24

45
Q

how many lumbar arteries are there

A

10

46
Q

which veins in the axial skeleton drain into the inferior vena cava

A

phrenic and lumbar

47
Q

which axial veins drain into the brachiocephalic vein

A

hemiazygos, interal throracic and azygos

48
Q

how does a drop of blood get from the L. intercostal vein into the right atrium

A

L. intercostal -> hemiazygos -> brachiocephalic vein -> superior vena cava -> right atrium

49
Q

how does a drop of blood get from the R. intercostal vein into the right atrium

A

R. intercostal -> azygos -> brachiocephalic vein -> superior vena cava -> right atrium

kin100 (10 decks)

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