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axial skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two divisions of the human skeleton?

A

Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

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2
Q

What bones are included in the axial skeleton?

A

Skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage

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3
Q

What is the primary function of the cranial bones?

A

Enclose and protect the brain

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4
Q

How many bones are in the skull?

A

22 bones (8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones)

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5
Q

What do facial bones provide for the face?

A

Framework, secure teeth, anchor facial muscles, provide openings for air and food

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6
Q

What is the largest cavity in the skull?

A

Cranial cavity

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7
Q

What are paranasal sinuses?

A

Air-filled spaces in skull bones that lighten the skull

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8
Q

What is sinusitis?

A

Inflammation of the mucosal lining of the paranasal sinuses

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9
Q

What are sutures?

A

Interlocking joints that unite the bones of the skull

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10
Q

What is the frontal bone’s role?

A

Houses the frontal lobe of the brain and contains the supraorbital foramen

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11
Q

What is the significance of the sphenoid bone?

A

Keystone of the cranium, articulates with all other cranial bones

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12
Q

What does the ethmoid bone contribute to?

A

Forms the superior part of the nasal septum

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13
Q

How many bones make up the facial skeleton?

A

14 bones

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14
Q

What are the maxillae known as in the facial skeleton?

A

Keystones of the facial skeleton

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15
Q

What is the function of the inferior nasal conchae?

A

Increase turbulence of air and assist with trapping dust and pollen

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16
Q

What forms the hard palate?

A

Maxilla and palatine bones

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17
Q

What is the occipital condyle’s function?

A

Forms joints with the first vertebrae of the spinal column (C1)

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18
Q

What is the foramen magnum?

A

The large hole in the occipital bone where the spinal cord ends

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19
Q

What is the role of the carotid canal?

A

Allows passage of the carotid arteries

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20
Q

What features are found in the anterior cranial floor?

A

Crista galli and cribriform plates of the ethmoid bone

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21
Q

What is the sella turcica?

A

Saddle-shaped prominence that houses the pituitary gland

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22
Q

What bones make up the middle cranial floor?

A

Sphenoid and temporal bones

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23
Q

What is the significance of the hypophyseal fossa?

A

Encases the pituitary gland

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24
Q

What are the components of the temporal bone?

A

Squamous part, tympanic part, petrous part

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25
What does the zygomatic bone form?
The cheeks and inferior part of the orbital cavity
26
What is the function of the lacrimal fossa?
Part of the passageway for draining tears
27
Fill in the blank: The cranial bones include _______.
Frontal, parietal, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, occipital
28
Fill in the blank: The facial bones include _______.
Nasal, zygomatic, lacrimal, inferior nasal conchae, vomer, maxilla, mandible
29
What is the superior orbital fissure?
The long crescent-shaped opening in the sphenoid bone that serves as a passageway for cranial nerves to the eye
30
What is the optic canal?
A smaller passageway in the sphenoid bone for cranial nerves from the brain to the eye
31
What features are visible from the superior aspect of the sphenoid bone?
The sella turcica and the hypophyseal fossa
32
Where is the pituitary gland located?
In the hypophyseal fossa of the sphenoid bone
33
What does the posterior view of the sphenoid bone reveal?
The superior orbital fissure falls between the greater and lesser wings
34
How is the ethmoid bone described in terms of its shape?
As the deepest bone of the skull with a complex shape
35
What forms the roof of the nasal cavity?
The cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
36
What are foramina in the cribriform plate?
Tiny holes that allow the passage of olfactory nerves for the sensation of smell
37
What does the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone form?
The superior part of the nasal septum
38
What is the crista galli?
The superior projection between the cribriform plates, also known as the 'rooster’s comb'
39
What attaches to the crista galli?
The dura mater, the outermost covering of the brain
40
What are ethmoid air cells?
Spaces within the lateral masses of the ethmoid bone, also known as ethmoid sinuses
41
What are the middle nasal conchae?
Bony plates projecting from the inner walls of the ethmoidal labyrinth that help regulate air flow
42
What is the function of the nasal conchae?
To humidify and filter inspired air
43
What is the maxilla known as?
The keystone bone of the face
44
What does the maxilla articulate with?
All facial bones except the mandible
45
What is the alveolar process of the maxilla?
A ridge along the inferior surface that holds the upper teeth in place
46
What do the palatine processes of the maxilla form?
The anterior 2/3rds of the hard palate
47
What is the mandible?
The lower jaw bone, the largest and strongest bone in the face
48
Where do the mandibular condylar processes articulate?
With the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone, forming the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
49
What is the body of the mandible?
The part that forms the chin
50
What is the significance of the mandibular foramen?
Important landmarks for dentists as they are sites for nerve block injections
51
What are paranasal sinuses?
A group of mucosal-lined, air-filled spaces within the bones of the skull
52
Where are paranasal sinuses found?
In the frontal bone, ethmoid bone, sphenoid bone, and maxillae
53
What are the purposes of the paranasal sinuses?
Lighten the weight of the skull, enhance voice resonance, warm and humidify inspired air
54
How many bones make up the human skull?
22 bones: 8 cranial and 14 facial
55
What do cranial bones protect?
The brain and special senses
56
What forms the base of the skull?
3 paired cranial fossae
57
What bones form the upper and lower jaw?
Maxillae and mandible
58
What do paranasal sinuses help with?
Humidifying inspired air
59
60
What is the primary function of the pelvic girdle?
Attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton and transmits weight from the upper body to the lower limbs.
61
What are the components of the pelvic girdle?
Two hip bones (Os Coxae) and the sacrum.
62
What three bones make up each hip bone?
* Ilium * Ischium * Pubis
63
What joint connects the pelvic girdle to the axial skeleton?
Sacroiliac joints.
64
What is the iliac fossa?
The surface of the ilium anteriorly.
65
What is the iliac crest?
The ridge at the top of the ilium where large muscles attach.
66
What is the Anterior Superior Iliac Spine?
The anterior end of the iliac crest.
67
True or False: The pelvic girdle is designed more for mobility than stability.
False.
68
What is the pubic symphysis?
A cartilaginous joint that joins the coxal bones anteriorly.
69
What is the significance of the pubic arch?
Helps differentiate male and female pelvises.
70
What is the ischial tuberosity?
A roughened surface on the inferior aspect of the ischium, attachment point for hamstring muscles.
71
What are the ischial spines?
Thin, pointed prominences on the ischium that provide attachment points for thigh muscles.
72
What defines the pelvic inlet?
The line of the pelvic brim seen in a superior view of the pelvis.
73
What forms the pelvic outlet?
The space between the ischial spines.
74
What is the ala?
The large wing of the ilium bone.
75
Where are the posterior superior iliac spines located?
On the posterior surface of the ilium.
76
What is the greater sciatic notch?
A feature of the ilium that allows the sciatic nerve to pass.
77
What is the obturator foramen?
A large opening in the hip bone for nerves and blood vessels.
78
What does the acetabulum represent?
The hip socket and fusion point of all three coxal bones.
79
What are the main features to look for in a male pelvis?
* Acute pubic arch (50-60°) * Narrow and deep pelvic cavity * Larger and closer acetabula
80
What are the main features to look for in a female pelvis?
* Obtuse pubic arch (80-90°) * Broad and shallow pelvic cavity * Smaller and further apart acetabula
81
What is the largest and strongest bone in the body?
Femur.
82
What is the head of the femur?
Almost a sphere that articulates with the hip bone via the acetabulum.
83
What is the tibia?
The weight-bearing bone of the lower leg.
84
What is the fibula?
The thinner and lighter bone in the lower leg.
85
What is the talus?
The tarsal bone that the tibia articulates with.
86
What is the calcaneus?
The heel bone.
87
How many phalanges are there for each toe?
Three phalanges.
88
What is the interosseous membrane?
A fibrous connective tissue that secures the fibula to the tibia.

anatomy (9 decks)

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