Aviation Rules

Question 1

Explain rules for PIC when carrying pax.

Answer 1

No person may act as PIC of an aircraft carrying passengers during the period beginning one hour after sunset and ending one hour before sunrise (as established in the american air almanac) unless, within the preceding 90 days, they have made at least three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop during that period in the category and class of aircraft to be used.

Question 2

Category, class, type w/respect to the certification of aircraft

Answer 2

Category: means a grouping of aircraft based upon intended use or op limits (transport, normal, utility, acrobatic, limited, restricted, and provisional)

Class: as used with respect to the certification of aircraft, means a broad grouping of aircraft having similar characteristics of propulsion, flight, or landing. Ex: airplane, rotorcraft, glider, balloon, landplane, and sea plane

Type: as used with respect to the certification of aircraft, means those aircraft which are similar in design. Ex: 737-700 and 737-700C; G-IV and G-IV-X; and 1900 and 1900C.

Question 3

Category, class, type w/respect to the certification of airmen

Answer 3

Category: with respect to the certification, ratings, privileges, and limitations of airmen means “a broad classification of aircraft” (airplane, rotorcraft, glider, and lighter than air).

Class: with respect to cert, ratings, privileges, and limits of airmen means a classification of aircraft within a category having similar operating characteristics (single engine, multi engine, land, water, gyroplane, helicopter, airship, and free balloon).

Type: as used with respect to the certification, ratings, privileges, and limitations of airmen, means a specific make and basic model of aircraft, including modifications that do not change its handling or flight characteristics. Ex: C-172, C-152, DA-20

Question 4

Explain FAA Advisory Circulars

Answer 4

FAA Advisory Circulars containing subject matter specifically related to ATC and Gen Ops are issued under subject number 90. Subject number 70 pertains to airspace. 20: aircraft. 60: airmen. Advisory circulars are obtained from the “Government Printing Office.”

Informational document that the FAA wants to distribute to the aviation community. For informational purposes only and not regulations. AC 61-65E “61” is for 14 CFR part 61, “65” is the sequence number, “E” is the sequence of the revision for that specific AC.

Question 5

What must occur before pax can be carried in an aircraft that has been altered in a manner that may have appreciably changed its flight characteristics?

Answer 5

It must be flight tested by an appropriately-rated pilot who holds at least a PPL

Question 6

What lee-way does a pilot have during an inflight emergency that requires immediate action, is he allowed to deviate from 14 CFR part 91? What are the reporting requirements?

Answer 6

If an inflight emergency requires immediate action, the PIC may deviate from any rule of 14 CFR part 91 to the extent required to meet that emergency. No report required unless requested by the FAA. If report requested, it must be submitted within 48 hrs.

Question 7

How do you request radar traffic info if you’re a departing VFR aircraft?

Answer 7

Pilots of departing VFR aircraft are encouraged to request radar traffic information by notifying ground control on initial contact with their request and proposed direction of flight.

Question 8

SVFR min, who to request from when control tower in operation

Answer 8

When a control tower is in operation, requests for SVFR clearances should be to the tower. SVFR Min: 1 mile, clear of clouds

Question 9

How soon after the conviction for driving while intoxicated by alcohol or drugs shall it be reported to the FAA civil aviation security division?

Answer 9

No later than 60 days after the motor vehicle action

Question 10

1st, 2nd, and 3rd class Medical Certificates - how long are they valid for? What are they used for?

Answer 10

First-class medical certificate - Required for airline transport pilots and are valid for one year if the airman is under 40 years old. If 40 years or older, it’s valid for 6 months.

Second-class medical certificate - Minimum required for commercial pilot. Valid for one year.

Third-class medical certificate - Is used for private, or recreational pilot certificate. Valid for five years for individuals who have not reached 40 years, otherwise it’s valid for two years.

A higher class medical cert has met the requirements of the lower class as well. A first class med cert becomes a third class when it is used for PPL privileges, and it’s within the 2 or 5 yr window.

Standards for medical certification are found in 14 CFR part 67, and the requirements to obtain can be found in 14 CFR part 61

Question 11

No person may use an ATC transponder unless it has been tested and inspected within how many months?

Answer 11

The preceding 24 calendar months

Question 12

What should you do if you must hand prop an aircraft?

Answer 12

Should it be necessary to hand prop an airplane engine, it is extremely important that a competent pilot be at the controls in the cockpit.

Question 13

Max speed in VFR corridor in class B is __

Answer 13

200 kts

Question 14

What’s the danger with continuing a VFR flight into IMC conditions? Is it more or less dangerous if the pilot is not instrument qualified/current?

Answer 14

Continuing vfr flight into Imc conditions often leads to spatial disorientation or collision with ground/obstacles. It is even more dangerous if the pilot is not instrument qualified or current.

Question 15

Unless each occupant of the a/c is wearing an approved parachute, no pilot of a civil aircraft, carrying any person (other than a crewmember) may execute an intentional maneuver that exceeds X bank or X nose up/down, relative to the horizon.

Answer 15

60º AOB, 30º nose up/down

Question 16

ATC Light Signals

Answer 16

Ground: steady green - cleared for takeoff, flashing green - cleared for taxi, steady red - STOP, flashing red - taxi clear of runway in use, return to starting point on airport

Air: steady green - cleared to land, flashing green - return for landing, steady red - give way and continue circling, flashing red - airport unsafe do not land, flashing white - N/A

Both - alternating flashing red/green - exercise extreme caution

Question 17

To operate under BasicMed the PIC must have completed a physical exam by a state-licensed physician within the preceding XX months. (BasicMed regulations require you to complete a medical education course every XY months while a physical exam and CMEC - comprehensive medical exam checklist - by a state licensed physician must be completed every XX months.)

What part of the FAR discusses this?

Answer 17

48, 24

(14 CFR 61.23.c.3, 14 CFR 68)

Question 18

All a/c are requested to maintain a minimum altitude of___ feet above the surface of national parks, monuments, seashores, lakeshores, recreation areas, and scenic riverways administered by the national park service, national wildlife refuges, big game refuges, game ranges and wildlife ranges administered by the US Fish and Wildlife service, and wilderness and primitive areas administered by the US forest service.

Answer 18

2,000’

Question 19

Dashed line indicates

Answer 19

Taxiway/taxiway intersection hold position marking

Question 20

No person may attempt to act as a crewmember of a civil aircraft with ___ percent by weight or more alcohol in the blood.

Answer 20

.04

Question 21

An airport’s rotating beacon operated during daylight hours indicates that weather at the airport located in Class D airspace is ___

Answer 21

below basic VFR weather minimums. (Class B, C, D, E)

Question 22

All operations within Class C airspace must be in an aircraft equipped with a

Answer 22

4096-code transponder with Mode C encoding capability.

Question 23

Each person who holds a pilots license shall present it upon request from __, __, __

Answer 23

NTSB, FAA, federal/state/local law enforcement

Question 24

Describe PIC passenger briefing requirements

Answer 24

Brief passengers using the SAFETY list: (S)eatbelts fastened for taxi, takeoff, and landing. (S)houlder harness fastened for takeoff and landing. (S)eat positioned adjusted and locked in place. (A)ir vents location and operation. (A)ll environmental controls. (A)ction incase any passenger discomfort. (F)ire extinguisher location and operation. (E)xit doors how to secure how to open. (E)mergency evacuation plan. (E)mergency/survival kit location and contents. (T)raffic scanning/spotting/notifying pilot. (T)alking, “sterile” flight deck expectations. (Y)our questions? Speak up.

Question 25

Towered airport ops

Answer 25

Towered airport - has ATC and you must maintain 2 way radio comms and acknowledge/comply with instructions. If you cannot comply you must notify ATC and request amended instructions. If you deviate for emergency purposes, you must immediately notify ATC.

Question 26

Non-Towered Airport Operation

Answer 26

Non towered airport - will have a CTAF (Unicom, Multicom, FSS, tower frequency). 2 way radio comms are NOT required at a non towered, however it is good practice to transmit intentions on the designated frequency. Unicom is a non government air/ground radio station that may provide airport information at public use airports where there’s no tower/FSS. On pilot request, UNICOM may provide weather, wind, runway recommendation, or other necessary info. Non towered airport traffic patterns are always entered at pattern altitude. The preferred method to enter from the downwind side is to approach 45º to the downwind leg and join the pattern at midfield.

Question 27

When doing landings in a tailwheel aircraft, for currency, do they need to be to a full stop?

Answer 27

Yes

Question 28

Are PPL pilots allowed to receive compensation for hire?

Answer 28

No

Question 29

Proficiency vs Currency

Answer 29

Proficiency - do you actually know how to do it?
Currency - do you have the legal ability to do it?

Ex: a flight instructor is highly proficient, but still has to do a flight review every 24 months to be current.

Question 30

14 CFR 61.102-61.103

Answer 30

PPL Eligibility, defines min requirements to obtain license. 17 y/o, understands english, student pilot certificate, logbook endorsement, pass knowledge test, receive flight training, pass practical test.

Question 31

14 CFR 61.113

Answer 31

Compensation for hire. Incidental to business, no passengers or property for hire.

Question 32

14 CFR 61.113 (i)

Answer 32

Private pilot may act as PIC or serve as a required flightcrew member of an aircraft without holding a medical certificate issued under part 67 of this chapter provided the pilot holds a valid U.S. driver’s license, meets the requirements of § 61.23(c)(3), and complies with this section and all of the following conditions and limitations:

The aircraft is authorized to carry not more than 6 occupants, has a maximum takeoff weight of not more than 6,000 pounds, and is operated with no more than five passengers on board; and

The flight, including each portion of the flight, is not carried out—

(i) At an altitude that is more than 18,000 feet above mean sea level;

(ii) Outside the United States unless authorized by the country in which the flight is conducted; or

(iii) At an indicated airspeed exceeding 250 knots; and

The pilot has available in his or her logbook—

(i) The completed medical examination checklist required under § 68.7 of this chapter; and

(ii) The certificate of course completion required under § 61.23(c)(3).

Question 33

14 CFR 61.56

Answer 33

flight review (bi-annual, 1 hr ground, 1 hr flight). You get an endorsement for a flight review.

Question 34

14 CFR 61.57

Answer 34

recent flight experience - 3 takeoffs/landings within preceding 90 days, does not have to be full stop. Shall be in aircraft of same category, class, type (if type rating required. must be full stop in tailwheel)

Question 35

14 CFR 61.13

Answer 35

issuance of airmen certifications, ratings, and authorizations

Question 36

14 CFR 61.23

Answer 36

medical certificates, requirements, and duration

Question 37

How long is an aircraft’s registration valid for?

Answer 37

7 years

Question 38

What is an airworthiness directive, and what types are there?

Answer 38

A regulatory notice sent out by the FAA to the registered owner of an aircraft informing the owner of a condition that prevents the aircraft from continuing to meet its conditions for airworthiness. Airworthiness Directives (AD notes) are to be complied with within the required time limit, and the fact of compliance, the date of compliance, and the method of compliance are recorded in the aircraft’s maintenance records.

There are emergency and non-urgent ADs. Can be a one-time unique event. Can be a frequent, periodic AD (every X hours, do Y). Or can be an emergency, something affecting all aircraft.

NPRM - notice of proposed rule making, followed by final rule

Final rule, request for comments

Emergency ADs

Question 39

Does an airworthiness certificate expire? If so, how?

Answer 39

An airworthiness certificate does not expire as long as the aircraft complies with all inspections, and the aircraft is airworthy. PIC decision if aircraft is airworthy. Owner is responsible to keep plane in airworthy condition.

Question 40

Explain AC 61.98 (d)

Answer 40

AC 61.98 (d) flight review - full flight simulators (FFS) and flight training devices (FTD) may not be used for logging airman experience or for any other training, checking, or qualification credit unless first approved by the administrator, part 61.4. Additionally, a flight review cannot be accomplished in an FFS or FTD unless it is used via a training center approved under part 142.

Question 41

14 CFR 91.213 (what to do when an instrument is not working)

Answer 41

If instrument is not working, need approval from FSDO. Check 91.205, ADs, POH MEL/KOEL/Equipment list. If it’s required, need approval from FSDO via letter of authorization. Instrument shall be removed or placarded.

Example: C-152 has an equipment list, in that list, each instrument has a letter S/O/A/R. A/S/O - not req’d by FAA. R - req’d by FAA.

Question 42

What are the required documents to carry aboard an aircraft? What is ARROW?

Answer 42

ARROW + Supplements (ex. Gns-420 manual) + Placards (ex. All POH req’d placards. Ex DA-20 POH section 2.15)

A - Airworthiness Certificate
R - Registration Certificate
R - Radio license certificate (only required for international)
O - Operating Handbook
W - Weight and Balance

Question 43

What is a supplemental type certificate

Answer 43

Supplemental type certificate - A supplemental type certificate (STC) is a type certificate (TC) issued when an applicant has received FAA approval to modify an aeronautical product from its original design. The STC, which incorporates by reference the related TC, approves not only the modification but also how that modification affects the original design. FAA will perform conformity inspections, and applicant will perform ground inspection.