Avian Notes (10/08) Flashcards
What bird class are parrots?
psittacines
What bird class are parakeets?
psittacines
What bird class are cockatiels?
psittacines
What bird class are cockatoos?
psittacines
What bird class are soft bills?
passerines
What bird class are canaries?
passerines
What bird class are finches?
passerines
What bird class are pigeons?
columbiformes
What bird class are doves?
columbiformes
What bird class are chickens?
galliformes
What bird class are pheasants?
galliformes
What bird class are turkeys?
galliformes
What bird class are quail?
galliformes
What bird class are geese?
anseriformes
What bird class are ducks?
anseriformes
What bird class are swan?
anseriformes
What bird class are falcon?
raptors
What bird class are hawks?
raptors
What bird class are ostriches?
ratites
What bird class are emu?
ratites
What are feathers made of?
keratin
What is the name for wing remixes or tail rectories, very large feathers that originate from the carpus, metacarpus, and pygostyle?
primary feathers
What is the name for the large feathers that originate from the radius and ulna?
secondaries
What is the name for the feathers found all over the body?
coverts or contour
What is the name for feather tracts?
pterylaw
What is the name for non-feathered trace?
apterylae
What is the name for the main shaft of the feather?
rachis
Apterylae are present up to what percent on the body?
45%
What portion of a feather attaches ot the rachis?
barbs
What portion of a feather attaches to barbs at a 45 degree angle, and hooks with nearby same structures?
barbules
What is the action birds perform to realign feathers?
preening
What is the thickness of bird skin in feathered areas?
2-4 cell layers thick
What is the name for the preening gland?
uropygial gland
What is the function of the preening gland?
waterproofs feathers
In what birds is the preening gland absent?
amazon parrot
What are pneumatic bones filled with?
air
What is the formed bones along the sternum, making up the pectoral muscle attachment site?
keel
Which bones are the pneumatic bones in the bird?
femur
humerus
vertebrae
The pectoral girdle in birds is made of what?
coracoid bone
clavicle
scapula
Wing bones are made up of what?
humerus radius ulna carpal bones metacarpals phalanges alula
What is the name of the bone that represents remnants of the thumb?
alula
How many chambers does the bird heart have?
4
How much bigger is the bird heart over the mammalian heart?
1.5-2x
What does bird anatomy lack?
lymph nodes
gall bladder
What is the system that shunts blood from the caudal half of the body so that it can go to the kidney before going to the heart?
renal portal system
The bird renal system produces mainly what?
urates
urine
What renal value is good for measuring renal function in birds?
uric acid
What sense is not important in birds?
smell
The eyes of the bird makes up what percent of its body weight?
15%
Do birds have a third eyelid?
yes
Do bird pupils constrict when nervous?
yes
Do birds have a tapetum lucidum?
no
What is the name for the upper beak?
cere
What kind of ET tubes should be used in birds?
not cuffed
What is the bird voice box?
syrinx
How many airs sacs on average to birds have?
9
What is the name for abdominal cavity in birds?
coleomic cavity
What is the ingluvies?
crop
What bird organ stores food and has perisalsis at least once per minute?
crop
What is the true glandular stomach in birds?
proventriculus
What is the another name for the bird gizzard?
ventriculus
Do all bird species have a cecum and gall bladder?
no, only some
What kind of bacteria are found in parrot feces?
gram positive
What kind of bacteria are found in waterfowl, raptors, and poultry?
gram negative
What is the name for the endpoint for the bird GI, reproductive and urinary tracts?
cloaca
What anatomical portion receives feces from the rectum?
copradeum
What anatomical portion receives urine and urates from the ureter and sperm or eggs from the vas deferens and uterus/vagina?
urodeum
What is the vent area before the opening in birds?
proctoodeum
What term describes testes in male birds?
intra-abdominal
What is the equivalent to the penis in birds?
phallus
Which ovary in birds is functional?
left
What blood component concentration is 2 times higher in birds than in mammals?
glucose
What do birds have instead of neutrophils?
heterophils
What kind of RBCs do birds have?
NRBCs
What is the lifespan of a bird NRBC?
38 days
Bird NRBCs have up to what percent of polychromasia?
8%
Only what feather group should be trimmed during a wing trim?
primary feathers
What is the light cycle of a bird?
10/14
How long does it take for the egg to form in the uterus of a bird in general?
24 h
What is the incubation period for small birds?
18-21 days
What is the incubation period for large parrots?
26 days
If not given the proper nutrition birds can lose what percent of total body weight within 24 hours?
24%
Can distilled water be given to birds?
no
Why cannot distilled water be given to birds?
insufficient vitamins and salts
What is the ideal Ca : P ratio for a bird diet?
2:1
A deficiency in what vitamin will cause birds to have keratinized mm, sinusitis, and dull feathering?
vitamin A
An excess of what in diet of birds will cause obesity, blood clotting issues, and metabolic bone disease?
fat
What kind of bird pellets are not usually cooked, finely ground, and pressed to form pellets?
bound pellets
What kind of bird pellets are cooked and mixes, then formed into shapes?
extruded pellets
Parrots should be fed what percent pellets?
80%
Parrots should be fed what percent green and yellow veggies?
20%
Budgerigars and cockatiels should be fed what percent seeds?
50%
Canaries and finches should be fed what percent seeds?
50%
