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603 Neuro > Autonomics 2 > Flashcards

Autonomics 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Primary neurotransmitter of the adrenergic system?

A

norepinephrine

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2
Q

Are the levels of norepinephrine controlled by positive or negative feedback?

A

negative feedback

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3
Q

What enzymes are able to breakdown norepinephrine? (2)

A
  1. COMT (methylation in the synapse)
  2. MAO (deamination in the presynaptic neuron)
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4
Q

What adrenergic receptors are part of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, beta-2, beta-3

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5
Q

Which adreneric receptor (AR) is unique and why?

A

alpha-2 (a2), it is an autoreceptor on the presynaptic neuron

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6
Q

What NTs are secreted from the adrenal medulla and in what ratio?

A

epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%)

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7
Q

Can the adrenal medulla make epinephrine?

A

yes

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8
Q

Two organs that are special cases in sympathetic signalling?

A

adrenal medulla and sweat glands

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9
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Ach release and binds to nicotinic receptors on the adrenal medulla which releases epi and NE into the bloodstream to travel and act on target organs

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10
Q

Sweat Gland Special Case

A

ACh binds to nicotinic receptors on postganglionic fiber then those release ACh (NOT norepinephrine) and bind to muscarinic receptors on sweat glands

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11
Q

Effect of Sympathetic System on Heart

A

increase heart rate and blood pressure

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12
Q

Effect of Sympathetic System on Bronchioles

A

bronchial dilation

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13
Q

Effect of Sympathetic System on Eyes

A

dilation of pupil by contracting the RADIAL muscles of the iris

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14
Q

Effect of Sympathetic System on Blood Vessels

A

constricts blood vessels, increase blood pressure

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15
Q

Effect of Sympathetic System on Stomach and Intestines

A

decrease GI motility by relaxing smooth muscle and contracting the sphincter

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16
Q

Effect of Sympathetic System on Bladder

A

relax detrusor and contract sphincter

17
Q

Sympathetic Receptor in the Heart

A

beta-1 (b1)

18
Q

Sympathetic Receptor in the Eye

A

alpha-1 (a1)

19
Q

Sympathetic Receptor in the Lungs

A

beta-2 (b2)

20
Q

Sympathetic Receptor in Stomach and Intestines

A

beta-2 (b2) (and a1 to constrict the sphincters)

21
Q

Sympathetic Receptor of the Urinary Detrusor

A

beta-3 (b3)

22
Q

Sympathetic Receptor of Urinary Sphincters

A

alpha-1 (a1)

23
Q

Sympathetic Receptor of Salivary Glands

A

alpha-1

24
Q

Receptor of the Adrenal Medulla

A

Nicotinic (N)

25
Q

Main Sympathetic Receptor in Arteries and Veins

A

alpha-1 (also b2 to a smaller extent, as it is a vasodilator)

26
Q

Which sympathetic receptors are responsible for contraction/acceleration?

A

alpha-1 and beta-1 (a1 and b1)

27
Q

Which sympathetic receptors are responsible for relaxation?

A

beta-2 and beta-3 (b2 and b3)

28
Q

Phentolamine

A

alpha-1 blocker used to reverse epinephrine effetcs (prevents vasoconstriction so b2 takes over)

29
Q

Sympathomimetic

A

drugs that partially or completely mimic the actions of epinephrine or norepinephrine

30
Q

Is epinephrine selective?

A

no (non-selective)

problem: wanting to iincrease blood pressure in an animal with cardiac disease

31
Q

Example of an a1 receptor agonist?

A

Phenylepinephrine

32
Q

Phenylepinephrine

A

can increase blood pressure without effects on the heart, not inactivated in the synapse by COMT (longer duration)

33
Q

Example of a b1 receptor agonist?

A

Dobutamine

34
Q

How do alpha-2 receptor agonists work?

A

activates the presynaptic receptor to decrease release of norepinephrine (negative feedback)

35
Q

Are alpha-2 receptor agonists sympathetomimetic?

A

no, because they do not activate adrenergic signals (only inhibitory G proteins)

36
Q

What type of G protein always activates?

A

S type

37
Q

Examples of b2 receptor agonists and their function

A

terbutaline and albuterol, used for coughing and bronchospasms

38
Q

Indirect acting sympathomimetics

A

stimulate release, prevent uptake, or prevent breakdown of norepinephrine

39
Q

Sympatholytic drug

A

inhibit the adrenergic signal

603 Neuro (8 decks)

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