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BIOM*3090 > autonomic pharmacology intro > Flashcards

autonomic pharmacology intro Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of muscarinic receptors?

A

M1, M2, M3, M4, M5

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2
Q

What are the types of nicotinic receptors?

A

Nn, Nm

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3
Q

What does CNS stand for?

A

Central Nervous System

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4
Q

What does PNS stand for?

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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5
Q

What is the main function of the Parasympathetic Nervous System (PSNS)?

A

Rest and digest

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6
Q

What is the main function of the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)?

A

Fight or flight

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7
Q

Which systems mediate opposing responses in effector organs?

A

PSNS and SNS

(with some exceptions!!)

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8
Q

Where does the PSNS begin?

A

Cranial and sacral spinal cord

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9
Q

Where does the SNS begin?

A

Thoracic and lumbar spinal cord

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10
Q

What type of neurons are involved in the 2-neuron system of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Pre- and postganglionic fibers

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11
Q

What neurotransmitter do cholinergic neurons release?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

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12
Q

What neurotransmitter is most commonly released by postganglionic SNS neurons?

A

Norepinephrine (NE)

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13
Q

What is the effect of epinephrine (EP) secreted by the adrenal gland?

A

Acts as adrenaline

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14
Q

What are the two main types of autonomic receptors?

A
  • Adrenergic
  • Cholinergic
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15
Q

What is the primary action of alpha receptors (α1)?

A

Contraction

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16
Q

What is the primary action of beta receptors (β1, β2, β3)?

A

Relaxation

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17
Q

What is the role of acetylcholinesterase (AChE)?

A

Degrades acetylcholine

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: The PSNS and SNS are generally considered _______ in their physiological effects.

A

Antagonists

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19
Q

True or False: Most tissues have both PSNS and SNS innervation.

A

True

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20
Q

What are adrenergic neurons characterized by?

A

Release of norepinephrine

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21
Q

What is the primary function of nicotinic receptors?

A

Excitation

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22
Q

What enzyme synthesizes acetylcholine?

A

Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)

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23
Q

What is the effect of M2 receptors on the heart?

A

Decreases heart rate

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24
Q

What neurotransmitter is primarily involved in adrenergic transmission?

A

Norepinephrine

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25
Q

What is the main action of β1 receptors?

A

Increases heart rate and force of contraction

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26
Q

What does the term ‘physiological antagonists’ refer to in the context of the PSNS and SNS?

A

Opposing effects on effector organs

27
Q

What is the primary action of β2 receptors?

A

Smooth muscle relaxation

(including vasodialation)

28
Q

What is the result of activation of α1 receptors?

A

Vasoconstriction and constriction of sphincters

29
Q

What are the two main types of cholinergic receptors?

A
  • Muscarinic
  • Nicotinic
30
Q

What is the termination mechanism for norepinephrine?

A
  1. Re-uptake
  2. Diffusion away from synapse
  3. Metabolism via MAO and COMT
31
Q

Fill in the blank: The adrenal medulla secretes ____ into the bloodstream.

A

Epinephrine

32
Q

What are the three steps in the synthesis of norepinephrine?

A
  1. Tyrosine hydroxylase
  2. Dopa decarboxylase
  3. Dopamine β-hydroxylase
33
Q

What receptors are activated by norepinephrine and epinephrine?

A

Adrenergic receptors

34
Q

What is the action of α2 receptors?

A

Inhibits norepinephrine release

35
Q

What type of receptors are found on postganglionic neurons?

A

Nicotinic receptors

36
Q

True or False: Muscarinic agonists can stimulate similar physiological responses as AChE inhibitors.

37
Q

The nervous system is made up of the ____ and the ____.

38
Q

The CNS can be divided into the ____ and the ____.

A

brain, spinal cord

39
Q

The PNS can be divided into the ____ and the ____.

A

efferent, afferent

40
Q

The efferent nervous system can be divided into the ____ and the ____.

A

autonomic, somatic

41
Q

the autonomic nervous system can be divided into the ____, ____, and ____.

A

PSNS, SNS, enteric

42
Q

What are the key characteristics of SNS signal transmission?

(in terms of anatomy)

A
  • ganglia near spinal cord (i.e. short pre-galgionic and long post-ganglionic)
  • one preganglionic to many post-ganglionic fibers
43
Q

What are the key characteristics of PSNS signal transmission?

(in terms of anatomy)

A
  • ganglia close to/within target tissue (i.e. long pre-galgionic and short post-ganglionic)
  • one preganglionic to one post-ganglionic fiber
44
Q

Why do the blood vessels vary from the norm in terms of message transduction in the SNS/PSNS?

A
  • There is no PSNS in blood vessels.
  • They only respond to NE release by symapthetic nerve fibers!
  • Vasoconstriction and vasodilation are entirely controlled by the SNS.
45
Q

Why does the adrenal medula vary from the norm in terms of message transduction in the SNS/PSNS?

A
  • SNS communication invloves no post-ganglionic neuron!!
  • Pre-ganglionic neuron directly stimulates the adrenal medulla by releasing ACh.
  • The adrenal medulla then releases epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) into the bloodstream, acting as hormones.
46
Q

Why do the sweat glands vary from the norm in terms of message transduction in the SNS/PSNS?

A
  • SNS post-ganglionic neurons release ACh (instead of NE) onto muscarinic (M) receptors.
  • This is unique because most SNS post-ganglionic neurons release NE, but sweat glands are an exception.
48
Q

Where are Nn found?

A

in all ganglia (PSNS and SNS)

49
Q

Where are Nm found?

A

skeletal muscle (somatic nervous system)

50
Q

M2 and M3 are found…

(common characteristic)

A

on organ innervated by the PSNS

51
Q

M1 can be found…

(common characteristic)

A

some ganglia

52
Q

endothelial cells contain ____ receptors.

53
Q

acetylcholine (ACh) activates…

A

muscarinic receptors

(M1, M2, M3, M4, M5)

54
Q

Which M receptors are stimulatory? Why?

A
  • M1, M2, and M3
  • they increase IP3 and DAG levels

(G-protein gets activated, which activates phospholipase – it cleaves PIP2, which then activates DAG. DAG activates PKC, which then activates IP3)

55
Q

Which alpha (a) receptors are stimulatory? Why?

A
  • a1
  • it increases IP3 and DAG levels

(G-protein gets activated, which activates phospholipase – it cleaves PIP2, which then activates DAG. DAG activates PKC, which then activates IP3)

56
Q

Which N receptors are stimulatory?

A

all of them!

57
Q

Which N receptors are inhibitory?

A

none of them!

58
Q

Which M receptors are inhibitory? Why?

A
  • M2 and M4
  • they decrease cAMP levels

(G-protein is activated, which inhibits adenylyl cyclase, then enzyme responsible for converting ATP into cAMP)

59
Q

Which beta (b) receptors are inhibitory? Why?

A

none of them!

60
Q

Which alpha (a) receptors are inhibitory? Why?

A
  • a2
  • it decreases cAMP levels

(G-protein is activated, which inhibits adenylyl cyclase, then enzyme responsible for converting ATP into cAMP)

61
Q

Which beta (b) receptors are stimulatory? Why?

A
  • b1, b2, b3
  • they increase cAMP levels

(G-protein is activated, which activates adenylyl cyclase, then enzyme responsible for converting ATP into cAMP)

62
Q

muscarinic receptors are…

(structure-wise, what are they?)

A

G protein-coupled receptors

63
Q

nicotinic receptors are…

(structure-wise, what are they?)

A

ion channels

BIOM*3090 (13 decks)

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