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Y1 BRS > Autonomic nervous system > Flashcards

Autonomic nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Where do afferent and efferent nerve fibres leave and enter the CNS?

A

Spinal cord and cranial nerves

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2
Q

What fibres are included in the afferent sensory division?

A

Somatic and visceral sensory

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3
Q

What fibres are includes in efferent motor division?

A

Somatic motor and visceral motor

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4
Q

What are visceral motor functions divided into?

A

Divided in sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways

Pathways innervate identical organs with antagonistically stimulating effects

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5
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

Involves motor neurones that are not under the control of the conscious areas of the brain, control involuntary bodily functions (breathing rate, heart rate, dilation, constrictions and secretions.

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6
Q

What is the structure of preganglionic sympathetic fibres?

A

Myelinated preganglionic fibres leave the CNS and synapse in a ganglion with unmyelinated post ganglionic fibres

Ganglia is close to CNS, therefore preganglionic sympathetic fibres are short

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7
Q

Compare the preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic fibres with parasympathetic fibres:

A

Sympathetic: Preganglionic fibres are shorter in comparison to parasympathetic

Postganglionic fibres are longer than PS.

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8
Q

What is the effect of the sympathetic system?

A

Increased heart rate, blood pressure, dilated bronchi, to increase airflow
Vasodilation in skeletal muscle to allow increased blood flow
Gastrointestinal motility and blood flow decreased
Increasedblood glucose to support high ATP demand

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9
Q

Where do preganglionic sympathetic fibres arise from?

A

Thoracolumbar segments of the spina cord

Upper 2/3 lumbar, and thoracic

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10
Q

Where do preganglionic sympathetic fibres arise from within the spinal cord?

A

Lateral horn of the spinal grey matter, leaving through the ventral nerve roots

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11
Q

Where do post-ganglionic fibres have their cell bodies?

A

In sympathetic chain of ganglia that lies either side of the vertebral column or plexus

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12
Q

What are the names of the sympathetic plexi?

A

Coeliac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric.

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13
Q

Where do preganglionic sympathetic fibres enter the sympathetic chain?

A

Enter the chain through the white ramus communicans

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14
Q

How is electrical transmission transmitted to structures in head and thorax? (Sympathetic)

A

Synaptic contact with postganglionic cell bodies in the sympathetic chain of ganglia

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15
Q

How do post-ganglionic fibre return to the spinal cord?

A

Grey Ramus Communicans

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16
Q

How do preganglionic fibres innervate strictures within the pelvic and abdominal viscera?

A

Pass uninterrupted through the sympathetic chain ganglia, and travel to the plexuses where corresponding postganglionic cell bodies are located

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17
Q

What neurotransmitter is released at sympathetic preganglionic nerve terminals?

A

Acetylcholine

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18
Q

Which neurotransmitter is released at sympathetic postganglionic nerve terminals?

A

Noradrenaline

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19
Q

Which organ is directly innervated by preganglionic fibres?

A

Adrenal medulla

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20
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic system exert?

A

Inhibitory effect on viscera with an antagonistic effect on the sympathetic division , concerned with rest

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21
Q

Where do preganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibres arise?

A

Craniosacral

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22
Q

Where do the postganglionic ganglia lie?

A

Close to the innervated structures, resulting in longer preganglionic fibres

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23
Q

Which neurotransmitter is released at both pre/and post ganglionic synapses?

A

Acetylcholine

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24
Q

Where do visceral motor nuclei originate from?

A

Hypothalamus

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25
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

Within the diencephalon

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26
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

Superior to the kidney

27
Q

Which nerve innervates the adrenal medulla?

A

Preganglionic sympathetic nerve

28
Q

Where are baroreceptors located?

A

Carotid sinuses, and aortic arch

29
Q

What occurs due to reduction in stretch detected by baroreceptors?

A

Reduced stimulation is immediately responded by the cardiac control centre- Sends signals to the sympathetic nerve, through the medulla oblogata to stimulate the heart rate and increase the blood pressure by vasoconstriction. Increased electrical stimulation results in release of noradrenaline onto the sino-atrial node, increases frequency of waves of excitation and thus contraction (systole).

30
Q

Which nervous system influences gut function?

A

Enteric nervous system

31
Q

Which type of receptors reside within the gastrointestinal tract?

A

Chemoreceptors

32
Q

Which nervous system is concerned with digest?

A

Parasympathetic

33
Q

Which nerves do not innervate the lung?

A

Sympathetic nerves

34
Q

How does the lung receive sympathetic innervation?

A

Adrenaline secretion exerts a sympathetic influence through bronchodilation

35
Q

What is the parasympathetic response to high light intensity?

A

Pupillary reflex causes pupils to constrict

Oculomotor nerve

36
Q

What happens to the pupils at low light intensity?

A

Pupil dilation

37
Q

What effect does parasympathetic stimulation exert in the micturition reflex on detrusor muscles?

A

Detrusor muscles contract

38
Q

What is the purpose of contracted detrusors muscles?

A

Increases bladder pressure

39
Q

Which sphincter relaxes during the micturition reflexes?

A

Internal urethral sphincter

40
Q

How is the sympathetic pathway inactivated during the micturition reflex?

A

Onuf’s nucleus is inhibited

41
Q

What happens during the micturition reflex?

A

Urine secretion through the bladder and urethra

42
Q

Where do afferent fibres arising from the bladder through the spinal cord terminate?

A

Pontine micturition centred cerebellum

43
Q

What is required for urine excretion to proceed?

A

Voluntary decision,

44
Q

Which neurones are excited during the micturition reflex?

A

neurones on pontine micturition centre transmit electrical impulses to excite sacral preganglionic neurones

45
Q

Which nerve innervates the detrusor muscles?

A

Pelvic nerve (S2-4)

46
Q

Which receptors respond to acetylcholine on the detrusor muscles?

A

Muscarinic ACh receptors

47
Q

What type of receptors are nicotinic acetyl choline receptors?

A

Ion channel linked receptors

48
Q

What type of receptors are Muscarinic ACh receptors?

A

G-coupled receptors

49
Q

Which components combine to produce acetylcholine?

A

Choline and acetyl CoA

50
Q

Which enzyme catalyses the formation of acetylcholine?

A

Choline acetyl transferase

51
Q

How is acetylcholine packaged into synaptic vesicles?

A

Intrinsic vesicular transportors

52
Q

Which two receptors do ACh bind onto?

A

Muscarinic and nicotinic

53
Q

Which enzyme cleaves and hydrolyses acetylcholine?

A

Acetylcholinesterases

54
Q

How is choline taken up into the presynaptic terminal?

A

Choline-reuptake protein

55
Q

How is acetylcholinesterase inhibited?

A

Accumulation and elevated concentration of acetylcholine present in the synaptic cleft

56
Q

How is noradrenaline produced?

A

Tyrosine converted to DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase
DOPA decarboxylated by DOPA decarboxylase into dopamine
Dopamine beta hydroxylase forms NA

57
Q

Which molecule is the initial precursor of dopamine?

A

Tyrosine

58
Q

Which enzyme catalyses the hydroxylation of tyrosine into DOPA?

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase

59
Q

Which is the final enzyme for the formation of dopamine from DOPA?

A

DOPA decarboxylase

60
Q

Which enzyme is packaged with dopamine by intrinsic transporter proteins into the synaptic vesicle?

A

Dopamine beta hydroxylase

61
Q

How is noradrenaline removed from the synaptic cleft?

A

Transporter reuptake proteins in the presynaptic terminal

Glial cells

62
Q

Which enzyme degrades noradrenaline?

A 
Monoamine oxidase (MOA)
Catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT)
63
Q

Which enzyme converts NA to adrenaline in the adrenal gland?

A

Phenylethanol methyl transferanse

Y1 BRS (39 decks)

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