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Neuroscience > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

ANS regulates activity of internal organs and vasculature for

A
  • circulation
  • respiration
  • digestion
  • metabolism
  • secretions
  • reproduction
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2
Q

Where are receptors of the ANS present

A
  • present in the musculature of visceral wall and blood vessels, skin
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3
Q

Receptors of the ANS

A
  • Mechanoreceptors: pressure and stretch
  • Chemoreceptors: O2, CO2, H+ ions, blood glucose, electrolyte concentrations
  • Nociceptors: stretch and ischemia
  • Thermoreceptors: skin and blood temperatures
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4
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A
  • carotid sinuses
  • aortic baroreceptors
  • stretch receptors in lungs
  • autonomic stretch receptors in smooth muscles of arteries, veins/venules, bladder, and intestines
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5
Q

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

A
  • carotid & aortic bodies
  • respond to O2, CO2, H+ in the stomach, taste buds, and olfactory bulbs
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6
Q

Central Chemoreceptors

A
  • respond to H+ & CO2 in medulla
  • respond to blood glucose levels & electrolyte concentrations in the hypothalamus
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7
Q

ANS nociceptors

A
  • in the viscera & walls of arteries
  • respond to changes in stretch & ischemia
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8
Q

ANS thermoreceptors

A
  • in the hypothalamus & skin
  • Peripheral cutaneous receptors respond to changes in external temp.
  • Central receptors in the hypothalamus respond to small changes in blood temp.
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9
Q

How does information from visceral receptors enter the CNS

A
  • through cranial nerves into the brainstem
  • through dorsal roots into the spinal cord
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10
Q

Cranial nerves that bring in autonomic afferent information

A
  • primarily IX and X but also I and VII
  • IX brings BP/blood chemical info from carotid sinus/body
  • X brings BP info from aortic arch, stretch and nociceptive info from visceral organs
  • smell (I) and taste (VII, IX, and X) are the only afferent info felt consciously
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11
Q

Central regulation of visceral function

A
  • visceral afferent info coming from CNs converge in solitary nucleus in medulla
  • then go to visceral control areas in pons/medulla (reticular formation)
  • lastly goes to modulatory areas in hypothalamus, thalamus, emotion/motivation areas
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12
Q

Differences between somatic motor and autonomic efferent systems

A
  • Somatic: voluntary control, cannot be exerted by hormones, act on musculoskeletal structures, directly under control of brain, consist of 1 neuron in peripheral pathway
  • Autonomic efferent: automatic control/nonconsious, can be exerted by hormones, acts on musculature of internal organs, under control of lower centers/local NS, consist of 2 neurons that synapse outside CNS
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13
Q

Efferent pathways of the ANS

A
  • Sympathetic activity: includes norepinephrine & epinephrine, via adrenergic neurons or adrenal hormones released in blood
  • Parasympathetic activity: includes Ach, via cholinergic neurons and vagus nerve, Ach can also be found in the neuromuscular junctions
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14
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A
  • fight or flight system
  • neurons originate from the lateral horns of spinal cord gray matter from T1 to L2 (thoracolumbar flow)
  • synapse at paravertebral sympathetic ganglia
  • ganglia are interconnected to form sympathetic chain/trunk
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15
Q

Where do sympathetic efferents go

A
  • adrenal medulla to release NE/epinephrine into the bloodstream
  • head, UE, LE
  • thoracic visceral organs
  • abdominal & pelvic visceral organs
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16
Q

Functions of the sympathetic efferents to head, trunk, UE, and thoracic viscera

A
  • regulate tone in arteries of face, UE, and trunk
  • dilate pupils
  • elevate upper eyelid (superior tarsal muscle)
  • increase HR/contractility
  • dilate bronchi
17
Q

Functions of sympathetic efferents to abdominal and pelvic organs

A
  • regulate tone in arteries of LE and trunk
  • contract GI sphincters
  • decrease peristalsis
  • decrease GI blood flow
  • decrease GI secretions
  • inhibits bladder/bowel movements
  • elicit ejaculation
18
Q

Other functions of the sympathetic system

A
  • regulation of body temperature: release of epinephrine by adrenal medulla increase BMR, release of NE causes skin arterioles to contract and activate sweat glands
  • regulation of BP with postural changes: constricts the capacitance vessels (veins) in the muscles to prevent OH
19
Q

Loss of what sympathetic controls causes Horner’s syndrome

A
  • dilate pupils
  • assistance in elevating upper eyelid
  • innervation to lacrimal gland
20
Q

pupil change based on system

A
  • Parasympathetic: controls pupillary sphincter which constricts the pupil
  • Sympathetic: controls dilator papillae which dilates the pupil
  • atropine blocks parasympathetic activity by blocking Ach release
21
Q

Differential activation of sympathetic receptors

A
  • Beta 1 adrenergic receptors: increase HR and contractility, blocked by Beta 1 blockers such as Metoprolol which decreases HR and BP without affecting airways
  • Beta 2 adrenergic receptors: dilate bronchioles, Beta 2 agonist (Albuteral) keeps airways dilated in COPD and asthma
  • Alpha adrenergic blockers: Carder and Minidress reduce high BP by blocking alpha receptors and cause vasodilation
22
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • rest and digest system
  • neurons originate from the brainstem & lateral horns of sacral spinal cord (craniosacral outflow)
  • synapse at parasympathetic ganglia
  • info travels to brainstem with CNs III, VII, IX, X
  • info from sacral region originates from lateral horns of S2-S4 to pelvic organs
  • parasympathetic system does not innervate limbs or body wall
23
Q

Functions fo tes parasympathetic system

A
  • CN III constrict pupil & increase convexity of lens = pupillary light reflex
  • CN VII and IX innervate salivary glands
  • CN VII innervates lacrimal glands
  • most fibers to thoracic & GI organs are carried by CN X
  • sacral parasympathetic efferents empty bladder/bowel, cause penile erection, & vaginal lubrication
24
Q

Regulation of bladder function by opposing actions of the ANS

A
  • visceral afferent neurons entering spinal cord synapse with visceral efferent neurons to generate autonomic reflexes
  • visceral ascending neurons enter spinal cord reach brainstem, hypothalamus, thalamus, and cortex
25
Q

Processing of nociceptive information

A
  • visceral nociceptive afferents have additional connections with somatic nociceptive afferents (referred pain) and general somatic efferents (muscle guarding)
26
Q

Unopposed actions of the ANS

A
  • Sympathetic: effect on limbs, face, body wall, vasoconstriction of limb, trunk, & face vasculature, sweating from skin, and erection of skin hair
  • Parasympathetic: effect on increasing eye lens convexity
27
Q

Horner’s syndrome

A
  • lesion somewhere in sympathetic efferent to head
  • Ptosis: eyelid droops due to secondary muscle not connected anymore
  • Miosis: inability to dilate pupil
  • skin vasodilation
  • Anhydrosis: absence of sweating
28
Q

Chronic regional pain syndrome (CRPS)

A
  • pain in arm thought to be due to sympathetic overactivity
  • treatment by stellate ganglion block which decreases sympathetic stimulation of the sensitized autonomic nociceptors in skin
  • side effect is Horner’s syndrome
29
Q

Effects of spinal cord injury on bladder function

A
  • injury above S2 results in a spastic bladder
  • injury at conus medullaris or below results in a flaccid bladder

Neuroscience (10 decks)

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