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IS LEC MIDTERMS > Autoimmune Disorders > Flashcards

Autoimmune Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

conditions in which damage to organs or tissues results from the
presence of autoantibody or autoreactive cells?

A

Autoimmune diseases

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2
Q

Great majority of undifferentiated lymphocytes that are processed through the thymus do not survive

A

Central tolerance

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3
Q

Maintained by a delicate balance between the T helper cell type 1 (Th1) and T helper cell type 2 (Th2) populations

A

Peripheral tolerance

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4
Q

refers to the fact that many individual viral or bacterial agents contain antigens that closely resemble self-antigens

A

Molecular mimicry

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5
Q

have been implicated as primary mediators of autoimmune disease, because they release proinflammatory cytokines

A

Th1 cells

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6
Q

reaction to foreign antigens is typically a?

A

Th2 response

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7
Q

play a central role in maintaining this balance and eliminating harmful autoimmune responses

A

T cells (Tregs)

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8
Q

Abnormal expression or function of key signaling molecules, dysregulation of cytokines, and changes in B-cell developmental subsets

A

Polyclonal B-cell activation

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9
Q

May be enhanced by organisms such as gram-negative bacteria and several viruses, including cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

A

Polyclonal B-cell activation

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10
Q

Chronic systemic inflammatory disease marked by alternating exacerbations and remissions

A

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

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11
Q

SLE peak age of onset is usually between?

A

20 and 40 years

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12
Q

who is more likely to be stricken by SLE men or women?

A

Women

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13
Q

in SLE Women are much more likely than men to be stricken, by a margin of
approximately?

A

10:1

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14
Q

in SLE there is a strong association with human leukocyte antigens (HLA) DR and DQ with?

A

Whites

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15
Q

in SLE in whites there is a strong association with?

A

human leukocyte antigens (HLA) DR and DQ

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16
Q

SLE Inherited deficiencies of complement components

A

C1q, C2, and C4

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17
Q

double the risk of developing lupus

A

estrogen containing contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy

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18
Q

clinical signs of SLE

A
  • Join involvement (arthritis)
  • Erythematous rash
  • Butterfly rash
  • Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (DPGN)
  • Renal failure
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19
Q

The first clue in the mystery of lupus was the discovery of the LE cell by?

A

Malcolm Hargraves

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20
Q

neutrophil that has engulfed the antibody-coated nucleus of another neutrophil. This phenomenon, which mainly appears in vitro, occurs when cells are damaged and release nuclear material

A

LE cell

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21
Q

trigger an increase in antibodies directed against DNA and stimulate production of platelet activating factor

A

Increased production of interleukin-10 (IL-10)

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22
Q

differs from the more chronic form of the disease in that symptoms usually disappear once the drug is discontinued

A

Drug-induced lupus

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23
Q
  • found in the basement membrane
  • enhances activation of the complement cascade, which contributes to the kidney damage seen with this disease
A

α-actin

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24
Q

may also react directly with proteins such as α-actin

A

anti-DNA antibody

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25
Q

When SLE is suspected, the first test typically done is a screening test for?

A

antinuclear antibodies (ANA)

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26
Q

extremely sensitive but low specificity

A

Fluorescent antinuclear antibody (FANA)

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27
Q

Double-stranded DNA (ds-DNA) antibodies are the most specific for SLE, because they are mainly seen only in patients with lupus. (confirmatory if found with low levels of C3)

A

Antinuclear antibodies

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28
Q
  • hemoflagellate, as the substrate
  • particularly sensitive assay for ds-DNA is an immunofluorescent test using
A

Crithidia luciliae

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29
Q

second major antibody found in lupus patients is

A

antihistone antibody

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30
Q

a nucleoprotein that is a major constituent of chromatin

A

Histone

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31
Q

Antibodies are also stimulated by DNA complexed to histone, known as

A

Deoxyribonucleoprotein (DNP)

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32
Q

Presence of antihistone antibody alone or combined with antibody to ss-DNA supports

A

diagnosis of drug-induced lupus

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33
Q

are also found in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and primary biliary cirrhosis, but the levels are usually lower

A

Antihistone antibodies

34
Q

Extractable nuclear antigens represent a family of small nuclear proteins that are associated with uridine-rich RNA. specific for lupus, because it is not found in other autoimmune diseases

A

Anti-Sm antibody

35
Q

protein complexed to a particular type of nuclear RNA called U1-nRNP

A

Ribonucleoprotein (RNP)

36
Q

heterogeneous group of antibodies that bind to phospholipid alone or are complexed with protein

A

Antiphospholipid antibodies

37
Q

can affect every organ in the body, but they are especially associated
with deep-vein and arterial thrombosis and with morbidity in pregnancy

A

Antiphospholipid antibodies

38
Q

cause false-positive results for syphilis

A

Antiphospholipid antibodies

39
Q

prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPT) and prothrombin time (PTT)

A

Lupus anticoagulant

40
Q

Increased risk of clotting and spontaneous abortion. Platelet functions may also be affected

A

Lupus anticoagulant

41
Q

treatment for Fever or arthritis

A

high dose of aspirin or other anti-inflammatory drug

42
Q

treatment for skin manifestation

A

antimalarials such as hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine and topical steroids are often prescribed

43
Q

in rheumatoid arthritis whos is likely to be affected? men or women?

44
Q

In RA Women are ? times as likely to be affected as men

45
Q

rheumatoid arthritis occurs at age?

46
Q

clinical signs for RA

A
  • morning stiffness around the joints lasting at least 1 hour
  • swelling of the soft tissue around three or more joints
  • swelling of the proximal interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal, or wrist joints
  • Felty’s syndrome
  • positive test for rheumatoid factor (RF
  • At least four of these must be present for 6 weeks or more for the diagnosis to be made
47
Q

chronic RA coupled with neutropenia, splenomegaly, and possibly thrombocytopenia

A

Felty’s syndrome

48
Q

Organized mass of cells (neutrophils and macrophages)

49
Q

Antibody (IgM class and is directed against the FC portion of IgG)

A

Rheumatoid factor (RF)

50
Q

earliest lesions in rheumatoid joints show an increase in cells lining the synovium and an infiltration of mononuclear cells, mostly?

A

CD4 T lymphocytes

51
Q

? scattered throughout, as are B cells and antibody producing plasma cells

A

CD8 T cells

52
Q

Two types of agglutination tests for RF have been developed?

A

one using sheep red blood cells coated with IgG and latex particles coated with the same antigen

53
Q

now the lead marker for detection of RA, because it is much more specific than RF

54
Q

Traditional therapy for RA has included anti-inflammatory drugs such as?

A

salicylates and ibuprofen to control local swelling and pain

55
Q

Patients develop a combination of goiter (or enlarged thyroid), hypothyroidism, and thyroid autoantibodies

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

56
Q

irregular and rubbery, and immune destruction of the thyroid gland occurs

57
Q

dry skin, decreased sweating, puffy face with edematous eyelids, pallor with a yellow tinge, weight gain, and dry and brittle hair

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

58
Q

most common cause of hyperthyroidism

A

Graves’ disease

59
Q

a diffusely enlarged goiter that is soft instead of rubbery

A

thyrotoxicosis

60
Q

hypertrophy of the eye

A

Exophthalmus

61
Q

major antibodies found in Graves’ disease include?

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibody (TSHRab) and antibodies to thyroid peroxidase

62
Q

elevation of the thyroid hormones and free triiodothyronine (T3) and
thyroxine (T4), decrease TSH

A

Graves disease

63
Q

what is elevated and decreased in graves disease

A

elevated: thyroid hormones and free triiodothyronine (T3) and
thyroxine (T4)
decreased: TSH

64
Q

The three major autoantibodies present are in autoimmune thyroid diseases

A

antibodies to thyroglobulin, thyroid peroxidase, and TSH receptors

65
Q

treatment for Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

thyroid hormone replacement therapy

66
Q

treatment for Graves disease

A

radioactive iodine, antithyroid medications such as methimazole, carbimazole, or propylthiouracil with beta blockers as adjuvant therapy

67
Q

treatment for both hashimoto and graves disease

A

Surgery to remove part of the thyroid may also be considered as an
alternative

68
Q

Characterized by insufficient insulin production caused by selective destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas

A

Type I diabetes mellitus

69
Q

True susceptibility genes for type I diabetes mellitus may occur in the

A

HLA-DQ region

70
Q

True susceptibility genes for type I diabetes mellitus may occur in the HLADQ region, especially in the coding of the?

A

DQ B chain

71
Q

treatment for type I diabetes mellitus

A

insulin, Cyclosporin A, azathioprine, and prednisone

72
Q

characterized by the formation of lesions called plaques in the white matter of the brain and spinal cord, resulting in the progressive destruction of the myelin sheath of axons

A

Multiple sclerosis

73
Q

characterized by the formation of lesions in the white matter of the brain and spinal cord, resulting in the progressive destruction of the myelin sheath of axons

74
Q

autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction. It is characterized by weakness and fatigability of skeletal muscles

A

Myasthenia Gravis

75
Q

Antibody-mediated damage to the acetylcholine receptors in skeletal muscle leads to this progressive muscle weakness

A

Myasthenia Gravis

76
Q

characterized by the presence of autoantibody to glomerular, renal tubular, and alveolar basement membranes, resulting primarily in injury to the glomerulus that can rapidly progress to renal failure.

A

Goodpasture’s Syndrome

77
Q

dense component of the nucleolus?

A

Fibrillarin

78
Q

homogenous staining of the nucleolus in SLE is associated with?

A

myositis and systemic sclerosis

79
Q

Antiphospholipid antibodies cause false positive for?

80
Q

lupus anticoagulant causes?

A

prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPT) and prothrombin time (PTT), increase risk of clotting and spontaneous abortion, platelet function can be affected

IS LEC MIDTERMS (7 decks)

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