Australia Flashcards
Who were the emancipists?
convicts who had served their sentence or been given full or conditional pardons and were now settlers
Who were the exclusives?
free settlers and their descendants
Who were the sterling?
The freeborn children of settlers rather than convicts
Who were the currency?
free children born to convicts - they were notably healthier looking and taller than their parents, having been raised on the abundant food of the colony
What was the rum rebellion?
The military removing Bligh from his position of governor in 1808
Who were the New south Wales Corp?
An army regiment formed in 1789 to replace the marines who accompanied the first fleet - disbanded un 1809 following the run rebellion
Why did the British establish a penal colony in Australia?
reports of Fertility and emptiness
Felons could no longer be taken to the US after the revolution
plenty of flax - useful for making sails
They wanted to stop France from taking it as a colony
Outline the success of Captain Phillip’s preparations for the journey
Was painstaking and thorough - was only a 3% death rate of all on board for the outward exploration.
Colony only survived until second fleet because he insisted on an extra month of prep
Outline the first attempt of Captain Phillip in setting up a second colony
In 1790 he sent 183 convicts, 28 children and 8 marines to Norfolk island, but it became synonymous with hardship and was largely evacuated by 1807
Outline Captain Phillip’s control of food stores
his insistence that the rations be shared equally from 1st April 1790 was resented by maines but crucial to the survival of the community.
As his rationing was fair, there was no riots over rations, hours of convict labour had to be cut as the ration was too small to sustain labour.
Outline Captain Phillip’s relocation to better farmland
He settled in Parramatta, 16 miles from sydney cove, where the land was more fertile and they were able o grow wheat and grain
He gave land to well-behaved convicts so that they could manage the land
What were the issues with the second fleet?
As the government had intrusted the fleet to a private firm rather than an officer - a quarter of those transported had died during the voyage, and a further 150 died soon after landing from a combination of starvation, scurvy, poor sanitation and louse-borne diseases
How did the second fleet help the settlement in Australia?
They brought vital supplies of livestock and cropsand news of home.
Outline the people on the first fleet
732 convicts landed, 2/3 of them had been sentenced for minor theft and average age was under 30 - remaining 600+ personell were marines, their wives and families, seamen and their families and civik officers,
Outline the people on the first fleet
732 convicts landed, 2/3 of them had been sentenced for minor theft and average age was under 30 - remaining 600+ personell were marines, their wives and families, seamen and their families and civik officers,
What changes were made to ensure the death rate on the second fleet never happened again?
the regulations for transportation became more and more proscriptions , and although the conditions remained grom, their were never as unhumanine again
Royal commissioner was implemented
What was the significance of Macquarie’s enforced limited consumption of alcohol?
made the colony more respectable. But his efforts to limit consumption did not solve the addiction the colony had to rum, but began limiting the sale of alcohol
Public houses were closed during religious services and their number reduced. The traffic in spirits were reduced
What was the significance of Macquarie’s removal of the New South Wales Corps?
It ended the cartel-esque way the country had been run
The NSWC were keen to retain their wealth and therefore they founded the growing wool industry, which was necessary for the smooth development of the colony
Outline Macquarie’s support for the convicts and emancipists
Tension formed as he tended to side with the emancipists and currency
He believed the criminals could be reformed into a part of society
Personally greeted every new ship transporting conflicts and explained the opportunities open to them - tickets of leave
Tried to restrain se of corporal punishment
Outline the economic development under Macquarie
New market place i Sydney in 1810
July 1813 the colony obtained coinage in place of the notes of hand and barter previously se.
At the end of 1816, had created the first bank
Tried to encourage agricultural production and livestock, but famine continued to threaten the colony
Outline Macquarie’s public works schemes
He listed 265 workes of varying scale which had been carried out throughout his tenue
These included a new army barracks, a new general hospital, and a turnpike road to Parramatta and beyond
Outline Macquarie’s forming of new towns
He founded new towns to the west of Sydney and expanded the settlement - including port Macquarie
These led to the colony becoming self-sufficient and make a profit which resulted in more infrastructure
Schools, barracks, churches an roads were built
In 1810 and 1811, Macquarie townships were developed in 5 towns, e.g. windsor
Outline what Macquarie did with the aboriginal people
Organised Native institution, a village at Elizabeth bay for the Sydney trie, an Aboriginal farm at george’s head and an annual reception. He gave out orders of merit and even old general’s uniforms to certain deserving chiefs
What was the attitude of Macqua’ interpretations of the penal system
They were largely supportive, but opposed the granting of pardons and through fewer tickets of leave should be issued
What was the attitude of the exclusives to Macquarie’s and policies
They resented the land grants to the convicts and wished to see larger land grants to themselves to develop sheep stations, with the use of convict and ex convict labour
Outline convict rights in Australia
Protected to some extent as punishments were only carried out once they had been brought before a magistrate and they had the right to food, shelter and the vital rum ration. The system developed by governors was intended to prevent abuses and the itif a convict was referable to that of an american slave
Outline the experiences of women in Australia
miserable :( - was overwhelmingly male (6-1) - were greeted with ‘festivities’ (Rape) when first arrival (unless already possessed by one of the sea captains or soldiers.)
Domestic service generally a form of co-habitation - but some unlucky were simply send back to england pregnant
Outline Reverend Samuel Marsden’s categorisation of women
As either Married (395) or concubine (1035) - ignored Jewish and Catholic marriage and took no notice of long-term cohabitation relationships
