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History > America > Flashcards

America Flashcards

1
Q

What states were in the southern part of the American colonies?

A

Georgia
South Carolina
North Carolina
Virginia
Maryland

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2
Q

What states were in the middle part of the American colonies?

A

Pennsylvania
New Jersey
New York
Delaware

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3
Q

What states were in new England?

A

Connecticut
Rhode Island
Massachusetts
New Hampshire

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4
Q

What were the 5 significant towns of the colonies?

A

Boston, Newport, New York, Philadelphia, Charleston

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5
Q

What percentage of colonists lived in the cities and why?

A

3.5% because most of them were farmers.

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6
Q

How many slaves were there in the colonies by 1763? what proportion of the population was this?

A

350,000 and a sixth of the population
67% population of south carolina and 40% pop of Virginia, Maryland and Georgia

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7
Q

What were the four aspects of the colonial governments?

A

British Crown with Parliament
Royal Governor
Council
Colonial assembily

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8
Q

Outline the british crown with parliament in terms of colonial government?

A

has the power to pass laws in order to tax colonists

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9
Q

Outline the governor in terms of colonial government

A

Appointed by the crown
oversees colonial trade
has final approval of colony’s laws
can dismiss colonial assembly
stayed in government for 5 years and could be dismissed by british government

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10
Q

Outline the council in terms of colonial government

A

Appointed by governor
Advisory board to governor
Acts as highest court in each colony

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11
Q

Outline the colonial assembly in terms of colonial government

A

elected by elidgable colonists
makes laws
Has authority to tax locally
pays governor’s salary

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12
Q

Outline the governor in terms of colonial government

A

Appointed by the crown
oversees colonial trade
has final approval of colony’s laws
can dismiss colonial assembly

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13
Q

what percentage of the population could vote in the colonies and in Britain?

A

between 50% and 80% in different areas in the colonies and 15% in Britain

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14
Q

How many colonial measures submitted between 1691 and 1775 were disallowed by Britain?

A

5% of the 8500

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15
Q

What was salutatory neglect?

A

the British method of governing the colonies - they left them alone for their own benefit

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16
Q

When were the navigation acts passed?

A

1651

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17
Q

What were the navigation acts?

A

They required trade to be conducted through English Ships and establish control of fishing rights by Britain.
They closed off admittance of foreign ships into ports

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18
Q

What was the mercantile system?

A

Wealth = power
Governments attempted to export export more than they imported, making their balance of trade more favourable

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19
Q

Why were colonies important to the mother country?

A

They were an outlet for exports, which increased jobs and industrial development at home, and produced raw materials for the mother country

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20
Q

What was the stamp act and when was it passed?

A

1765
It imposed stamps (requiring taxes to be paid) on almost all written or printed materials

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21
Q

What were the results of the stamp act?

A

boycotts of British goods, street protests, attacks on officers and buildings
In March 1766 it was repealed

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22
Q

When did the 7 years war end?

A

1763 with the peace of Paris

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23
Q

What were the financial results of the seven years war which led to the American revolution?

A

National debt increased to £75 million to £133 million
Soldiers returning from America reported that the colonists enjoyed a high standard of living
british tax payers were already feeling hard pressed - a cider tax in 1763 led to violence in apple growing areas

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24
Q

What were the political results of the seven years war which led to the American revolution?

A

Colonists argued British actions represented an exercise in tyranny and must be opposed
New negotiation of political settlement

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25
Q

What were the security related results of the seven years war which led to the American revolution?

A

With removal of the French army, the immediate foreign threat was gone new territories thinly populated with English colonists but many hostile French and Native Americans inhabitants. An estimated 10,000 troops were needed to provide security

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26
Q

What was Enlightenment?

A

A period in the late 17th and 18th century which challenged traditional ideas about science, religion, political rights and human relations, including the divine right of kings.

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27
Q

What were the Townshend duties?

A

1767 - new duties imposed on glass, wine, china, lead, paint, paper and tea - passed 180 to 98

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28
Q

What were the results of the Townshend duties?

A

After successive attempts by British to introduce new taxes during the 60s, colonists reacted very badly to these and turned further against the British
Colonial assemblies denounced the new duties
Economic boycott 1768-9

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29
Q

What was the significance of the colonial assemblies denouncing the new duties?

A

was the furthest the assemblies had ever gone in presenting formal protests - argued strongly for no taxation without representation - led to violent protests in Boston

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30
Q

Why did the British suspend the New York assembly in 1767?

A

They refused to pay for the chartering of British troops.

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31
Q

Outline the 1768-9 economic boycott

A

Every colony except new Hampshire had organisations pledged to boycott British goods
Ordinary colonists joined in
Home manufacturing developed to provide alternatives to British goods
Committees of inspection were set up to enforce the boycott
British luxury goods regarded as morally dubious

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32
Q

What was the significance of the 1768-9 economic boycott?

A

Increased unity and resolve of colonists and confirmed their independent identity

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33
Q

Outline the Boston Massacre

A

1770 - 5 bostonians shot dead in a protest outside a customs house

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34
Q

Outline the committees of correspondence

A

1771 - set up to collect and communicate grievances

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35
Q

What was the significance of the committees of correspondence?

A

By setting up a system of news dissemination which the British could not control, the patriots had a powerful tool ready to use to coerce neutrals into patriots

36
Q

In what ways had tensions between the colonists and British become very serious by 1770?

A

Shooting of civilians in Boston caused outcry
Sons of liberty gained members and became better organised
officials did not have the powers or resources to suppress colonial opposition
Loyalists were divided and often the margins of society
radical activists won more publicity and support e.g. Sam adams in Boston

37
Q

In what ways were tensions between the colonists and the British not serious by 1770?

A

townshend duties repealed
1770-3 years of relative calm
many deplored the violence of the sons of liberty
Internal conflicts were much more important to many colonists than fighting Britain
Lack of unity within the colonists

38
Q

What was the estimated percentage split of loyalists, neturals and patriots in 1770?

A

20% loyalists
40% neutrals
40% patriots

39
Q

Outline the tea act

A

1773 - to save the EIC it was granted the right to export tea directly to the colonies - Americans would pay duties on this tea

40
Q

When were the townshend duties repealed?

A

April 1770 - all except that on tea

41
Q

What was the colonial reaction to the tea act 1773?

A

Seen as another attempt by the british to illegally tax the colonists
Committees of correspondence condemned the act and encouraged boycotts and civil disobedience
Tea sent to new York and Philadelphia was sent back
In Charleston tea landed but was not sold.
Boston tea party

42
Q

Outline the Boston tea party

A

On December 16th 1773, a group of patriots disguised as Indians dumped about £10000 worth of tea into Boston Harbour

43
Q

What were the results of the Boston tea party?

A

The coercive acts
Was the ultimate outrage for the British - felt the need to punish the colonists and isolate Boston/Mass from the other colonies

44
Q

Outline the coercive acts

A

Port of Boston closed
massachusetts Government act revised to allow to royal governor to appoint and remove officials - permission had to be sought for town meetings
Quartering act gave broader authority to military commanders seeking lodgings for their troop
An act allowed transfer of murder trials to England

45
Q

what was the colonial response to the coercive acts?

A

Used it to highlight the intent of the British to erode the liberties of Americans and establish tyrannical rule
Assemblies ignored the acts and continued to meet
September 1774 met together for the first time as continental congress

46
Q

Outline the first continental congress

A

September 1774 - Supported the radicals and called upon Mass. to arm for defence and proclaimed the right for each colony to determine their own need for troops

47
Q

What was the significance of the battles of Lexington and Concord?

A

First shot fired of the war and therefore first real battle
269 British soldiers killed
Showed the british didn’t really understand how to fight a rebellious people rather than a standing army - although they won they suffered huge losses

48
Q

Outline the battles of Lexington and Concord

A

April 1775 - 500 british troops marched to try and take colonists’ supplies, but were met with colonists and shot at all the way back to Boston

49
Q

What happened at the second continental congress in May-July 1775?

A

Created their own continental army, appointing George Washington d the leader and was a large step towards declaration of independence

50
Q

What was the significance of George washington being appointed patriot leader in June 1775?

A

he was a strong military figure who brought the army together as a cohesive force rather than a hodgepodge of civilians
He Acted as general, colonial and lieutenant, dealing with day to day running as well as military strategy

51
Q

Outline the introduction of black soldiers to the colonist wars

A

Washington introduced black soldiers by offering slaves their freedom for fighting with them - 25,000 black soldiers ended up fighting

52
Q

Outline the battle of Bunker hill

A

June 1775 - British troops mowed down as they attempted to climb the hill - took three attempts to take it and only because the colonists ran out of ammunition

53
Q

Who was the general in charge of Bunker hill (british)?

A

General Howe

54
Q

What were the American and British casualties of the battle of Bunker hill

A

Around 450 Colonists were killed, wounded or captured
1054 british soldiers were killed, including 89 officers, making this a pyrrhic victory

55
Q

Who published ‘common sense’, when and what was the significance?

A

Thomas paine - January 1776
It explained the revolution in a more inclusive way and turned many of the common people to the cause. It also helped form the declaration of independence.

56
Q

What was the olive branch petition?

A

written up at the second continental congress - request for an end to conflict

57
Q

What is significant about the olive branch petition?

A

It shows that at least some of the revolutionists weren’t quite prepared at this point for a full break with Britain

58
Q

What was the british response to the olive branch petition?

A

As it was received at the same time as the news of the creation of a standing colonist army and the battle of bunker hill, so the king declared the colonists enemies and they burned down the town of Maine

59
Q

When did the British evacuate Boston and attack new York?

A

August 22nd 1776

60
Q

What happened when the british attacked new york in 1776?

A

32,000 troops attacked manhattan island and drove Washington’s forces out of New York, then occupied it for seven years.

61
Q

Outline the declaration of indepence

A

written mainly by Thomas jefferson in June and July 1776 - passed on 4th July 1776
Listed all of the sins of the King and was a renunciation of the hierarchical world

62
Q

What was the significance of the declaration of independence?

A

It turned the war into one of ideology and has been used for centuries in arguments and wars - outlines the equality of all men

63
Q

What were the articles of confederation?

A

Set up as a preliminary form of the constitution by one man from each state in June 1776.

64
Q

What were some of the articles of confederation?

A

All states had to agree to any amendment of the constitution
All powers not specifically granted to Congress were reserved by the states - congress had no right to enforce tax or regulate trade
There was no president, prime minister or cabinet, but one congressman from each state who was elected annually

65
Q

What was the significance of the British defeat at Saratoga?

A

It was the first key turning point of the war and the first rebel defeat of the British
it triggered the intervention of the French and therefore the downfall of Britain

66
Q

Outline what happened at Saratoga?

A

In October 1777, General Burgoyne had penetrated 200 miles into America from Canada but he was overstretched and surrounded, so began negotiations and surrendered.

67
Q

Why was Burgoyne defeated at Saratoga?

A

he assumed loyalists in the American countryside would join his forces, but hardly any did
he assumed Clinton and Howe would come and assist him, but sent no orders or communication of this
he underestimated General Gates’ forces and ended up surrounded by double the number of American troops

68
Q

What happened after Burgoyne surrendered at Saratoga?

A

His 5,895 troops were taken prisoner and remained that way until 1783

69
Q

Why did the French get involved in the war?

A

They were motivated by their long term rivalry with Britain and the possibility of regaining territory lost after the seven years war

70
Q

When did France and Spain join the war?

A

France - treaty signed February 1778, declared war on Britain June 1778
Spain - June 1779

71
Q

How did the entry of France and Spain in the war change the distribution of British military?

A

Until 1778, 65% of the British army was in North America. By 1780 this was 20%
1778 41% navy was in American waters - 1980 this was 13%

72
Q

why did the entry of France and Spain in the war change the distribution of British military?

A

Britain was more afraid of an invasion by France or Spain than losing the colonies

73
Q

What was the main assistance provided by Spain in the American war of Revolution?

A

By 1781 they had cleared british troops from the mississippi valley
provided weapons, money and supplies to the colonists

74
Q

What were the British Strengths going into the American war of revolution?

A

significant strength as a military power
Armed forces had 48,647 soldiers in 1775 and could hire hessian troops
royal navy had 340 ships
british economy was well established and diverse - was able to absorb debts

75
Q

What were the british Weaknesses in the American war of revolution?

A

Had to meet military obligations elsewhere so only had 8,000 soldiers in the colonies
Navy had limited investment in the 1760s
logistically, they had to hold the ports and dispatch the armies from there, meaning supply lines had to be stretched and forces divided
It was difficult to get orders, supplies and men across the atlantic

76
Q

What were the American weaknesses?

A

Limited economic development
very short of weapons as no manufacturing base
lacked experience and organisation

77
Q

What were the American Strengths?

A

They were familiar with the terrain and climate
Were an army fighting for survival - soldiers committed ideologically
Washington - responsible for formation of the army and managed to maintain it - even if it meant strategic defeats and retraining

78
Q

Outline what happened at the battle of Yorktown

A

Washington led an army of 16,000 American and French troops in Yorktown peninsula to lay siege to the british for three weeks, while the French fleet held chesapeake bay, leading to General Cornwallis’ surrender on 19th October 1781

79
Q

Why did the British surrender at Yorktown in 1781?

A

the british forces were split and there was a lack of communication
The French navy was able to defeat, or at least put off the British navy for the first time since 1690

80
Q

How did geography benefit the Americans?

A

The sheer size of America made it virtually impossible for the british to hold more than a few territories at a time

81
Q

Why did Yorktown lead to the end of the war?

A

There was no longer political will and it was seen as bad for trade in Britain, despite having 30,000 troops remaining in America

82
Q

Outline the peace of Paris

A

Signed by Britain, the USA, France, Spain and Holland on 3rd september 1783

83
Q

What were the two key terms of the peace of Paris?

A

recognition of American independence and its new boundaries
Division of imperial possessions between britain, France and Spain - britain regained the bahamas

84
Q

What were the economic impacts of the American war for independence on Britain?

A

In 1783, the national debt was £232 million and trade was disrupted, but by 1985 trade with the former colonies had reached pre-war levels and value of British exports to Europe doubled between 1783 and 1792

85
Q

What were the political impacts of the American war for independence on Britain?

A

Lord North resigned in 1782
William Pitt became PM and remained until 1801
Some demands for constitutional reform and an ‘association reform’ group was formed, but they had limited impact

86
Q

What were the Imperial impacts of the American war for independence on Britain?

A

Britain learned her lesson - retained Canada and Ireland where there had been protests
Expanded in India, Africa, the Caribbean and canada, creating the ‘second British empire’

87
Q

What happened in Ireland which showed that Britain had learned her lesson?

A

In 1780 altered the mercantilist system in Ireland to allow direct trade with British colonies
In 1782, irish granted effective legislative independence as the british repealed declaratory act 1719

History (29 decks)

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