Aula 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Qual é o range de dimensões das nanopartículas?

A

1-10^2 nm

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2
Q

Quais são os tipos de nanopartículas?

A

Solid-based, metal-based, gas-based, quantum dots, graphene-based e up-conversion.

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3
Q

As solid-based nanoparticles têm tamanhos que variam dos 100-________ nm, a sua superfície é ______________ (coating, attachment of targeting moieties,…) e têm a possibilidade de ser combinadas com agentes terapêuticos (by entrapment and/or _____________ ____________). São _______ ou core/shell structures lipídicas, _____________, silica-based, etc.

A

1000; modificável; surface binding; core; poliméricas

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4
Q

As metal-based particles são core or core/shell structures e possuem um elemento ____________ (gold, bismuth, tantalum oxide, zirconium dioxide, tungsten, ytterbium e gandolinium, silver, copper, etc…). Têm dimensões que variam entre ____-_____ nm e a sua superfície é modificável (improve biocompatibility by coating, attachment of targeting moieties, combination with therapeutic agents for dual strategies,…).

A

metálico; 10; 400

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5
Q

As gas-based nanoparticles são estruturas _________ com gás no centro. Os gases podem ser __________________, nitrogen, _________ e sulphur hexafluoride e as nanopartículas podem ser lipídicas, _____________ e silica-based, etc. As suas dimensões vão dos ______-1000 nm e a sua superfície é modificável (coating, attachment of targeting moieties,…). Tal como as solid-based nanoparticles, podem ser combinadas com agentes _____________ (by ________________ and/or surface binding).

A

ocas; perfluorocarbon; air; poliméricas; 100; terapêuticos; entrapment

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6
Q

Os quantum dots têm uma estrutura core/shell com ___________ ___________ e os seus tamanhos variam entre 1-____ nm. Possuem cristais __________________ e têm uma superfície modificável (charge, hydrophobicity, attachment of targeting moieties and/or fluorescent agents) e possuem espectros de emissão de _________________ e fluorescência _______________.

A

surface coating; 20; semi-condutores; fotoluminescência; ajustáveis

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7
Q

As graphene-based nanoparticles apresentam várias ____________ e tamanhos. Além disso, apresentam _____________ de superfície e de bordas e têm uma elevada estabilidade à ________. A sua superfície é modificável (e.g. for attachment of targeting moieties and/or fluorescent agents).

A

formas; defeitos; luz

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8
Q

As up-conversion particles tipicamente incluem um ____________ (e.g. ions of La, Nb, Gd, Y, Yb,…) e um emissor (e.g. ions of Tm, Er, Yb, Ho,…). As dimensões variam de 8-_____ nm. Têm a capacidade de absorver radiação na gama dos UV, visível e _______ e de emitir no ____________. A sua superfície é modificável (e.g. for improving cell interaction, targeting and/or fluorescence).

A

absorvedor; 550; NIR; visível

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9
Q

Quais são as aplicações das nanopartículas?

A

Biosensing, drug delivery, medical imaging, radiotherapy e photothermal therapy.

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10
Q

As nanopartículas podem ser consideradas dispositivos médicos ou medicamentos. Verdadeiro ou Falso?

A

Verdadeiro

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11
Q

Medicine is a substance or combination of substances that is intended to treat, prevent or diagnose a disease, or to restore, correct or modify _________________ functions by exerting a pharmacological, immunological or ____________ action.

A

physiological; metabolic

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12
Q

Uma nanopartícula é considerada um medicamento se tiver uma ação farmacológica, imunológica ou metabólica só por si. Se essa ação estiver associada à incorporação de drogas, é considerada um dispositivo médico. Verdadeiro ou Falso?

A

Falso. É sempre considerada um medicamento nestas condições.

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13
Q

Low dose brachytherapy seeds are classified as Class II or Class III medical devices. True or False?

A

True

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14
Q

Dá exemplos de situações em que as nanopartículas são ambíguas de classificar.

A

Nanopartículas como agentes de contraste ou como potenciadores fototérmicos.

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15
Q

What advantages (4) do nanoparticles bring to medical imaging?

A
  • Improve circulation time of compounds;
  • Reduces toxicity and dose of the compounds needed;
  • Enhanced selectivity and targetability;
  • Enhance signal intensity.
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16
Q

Em que modalidades de imagem (9) é que as nanopartículas são úteis?

A
  1. Endoscopia
  2. Raios-X
  3. CT
  4. PET
  5. SPECT
  6. Cintigrafia
  7. MRI
  8. Ultrassons
  9. Imagiologia de Fotoacústica
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17
Q

Several efforts have been made to make these techniques safer and less ____________ and to present more accurate diagnoses by improving the images ____________ and resolution. Moreover, it has been attempted to enhance the selectivity of certain markers used for diagnose of specific pathologies.

A

invasive; contrast

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18
Q

Quais são as desvantagens (5) do uso de agentes de contraste e de radioactive tracers?

A
  • Non-specific biodistribution (agentes de contraste);
  • Short half-life in blood;
  • Fast clearance;
  • Allergies/Toxicity;
  • Radioactivity (some cases).
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19
Q

Quais são as vantagens (3) do uso de agentes de contraste e de radioactive tracers?

A
  • Improve contrast;
  • Enhanced sensitivity;
  • Enhanced selectivity.
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20
Q

Que tipo de nanopartículas são usadas em Imagiologia de Fluorescência?

A

Quantum dots, graphene-based e up-conversion.

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21
Q

Quais são os requirements (4) para as nanopartículas que são usadas em Imagiologia de Fluorescência?

A

Têm de ter a capacidade de capturar o agente fluorescente, têm de ser biocompatíveis, ter estabilidade coloidal e uma sensibilidade aprimorada.

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22
Q

Quais são os objetivos (5) de usar nanopartículas na Imagiologia de Fluorescência?

A
  • Increase signal strength;
  • Reduce eventual quenching;
  • Increase fluorescent agents on the lesion;
  • Increase circulation life-time;
  • Reduce blinking and photobleaching.
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23
Q

Quais são as vantagens (4) de usar quantum dots para a Imagiologia de Fluorescência em comparação com organic dyes?

A
  • Increased resistance to photobleaching (100
    1000 times less than fluorescent dyes);
  • Narrow emission spectra;
  • Improved fluorescence life-time (5-100 ns, compared with 1-5 ns);
  • Remarkable brightness (10-100 times more).
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24
Q

Quais são as vantagens (2) de usar nanopartículas graphene-based para a Imagiologia de Fluorescência em comparação com organic dyes?

A
  • Improved solubility and stability in several solvents;
  • Visible and NIR photoluminescence.
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25
Q

Quais são as vantagens (3) de usar nanopartículas up-conversion para a Imagiologia de Fluorescência em comparação com organic dyes?

A
  • Easy cell penetration (especially, smaller UCNPs);
  • Visible and NIR photoluminescence;
  • Narrow emission width (10-20 nm compared with 20-40 nm observed for QDs and 30-50 nm observed for organic dyes).
26
Q

Quais são os requirements (4) para as nanopartículas que são usadas em Ultrassons?

A
  • Ability to entrap or generate a gas;
  • Enhanced sensitivity;
  • Colloidal stability;
  • Biocompatibility.
27
Q

Que tipo de nanopartículas são usados em ultrassons?

A

Gas-based e solid-based nanoparticles.

28
Q

Quais são os objetivos (3) de usar nanopartículas em ultrassons?

A
  • Enhance differences in acoustic signals from healthy tissues and target lesions;
  • Increase circulation life-time;
  • Enhance targeting towards specific lesions.
29
Q

Quais são as vantagens (5) de usar nanopartículas gas-based e solid-based para ultrassons em comparação com agentes de contraste tradicionais?

A
  • Improved echogenicity;
  • Enhanced lesion targeting;
  • Enhanced circulation life time;
  • Enhanced stability;
  • Possibility of theranostic options.
30
Q

Quais são os objetivos (3) de usar nanopartículas em CT?

A
  • Improve contrast between different structures;
  • Enhanced selectivity;
  • Minimize/avoid adverse effects such as allergy and renal toxicity.
31
Q

Quais são os requirements (4) para usar nanopartículas em CT?

A

Têm de ter uma distribuição estreita de tamanho, grande atenuação de raios-X, estabilidade coloidal e biocompatibilidade.

32
Q

Que tipo de nanopartículas podem ser usadas em CT?

A

Iodine-based and metal-based nanoparticles.

33
Q

What’s the contrast element of iodine-based nanoparticles?

A

Iodine

34
Q

As iodine-based nanoparticles têm dimensões entre os 100 e os 400 nm, conseguem ‘carregar’ iodo e a sua superfície é modificável (coating, attachment of targeting moieties,…). Verdadeiro ou Falso?

A

Verdadeiro

35
Q

Quais são as vantagens (5) de usar nanopartículas iodine-based para CT em comparação com agentes de contraste tradicionais?

A
  • Enhanced contrast;
  • Enhanced circulation life time;
  • Lower osmotic pressure;
  • Reduced toxicity;
  • Possibility of theranostic option.
36
Q

Quais são os objetivos (2) de usar nanopartículas em MRI?

A

Melhorar o contraste e a seletividade.

37
Q

Quais são os requirements (4) para usar nanopartículas em MRI?

A
  • Narrow NP size distribution;
  • Good magnetic and relaxation properties;
  • Colloidal stability;
  • Biocompatibility.
38
Q

Quais são as vantagens de usar nanopartículas em MRI (5) em comparação com agentes de contraste tradicionais?

A
  • Improved contrast
  • Enhanced lesion targeting
  • Enhanced circulation life time
  • Enhanced sensitivity
  • Possibility of theranostic options
39
Q

On T1-weighted MRI, the contrast is enhanced to make certain tissues appear brighter. True or False?

A

True

40
Q

Para T1-Weighted Imaging, as nanopartículas têm uma estrutura core or core-shell com um elemento _______________, como o gadolínio e o manganês. As nanopartículas podem ser lipídicas, poliméricas, _________________, micelares, etc.

Para T2-Weighted Imaging, as nanopartículas têm uma estrutura core or core-shell com um elemento ___________________, como o óxido de _________. As nanopartículas podem ser SPIONs (Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles), lipídicas, ______________, silica-based, micelares, etc.

Para T1 e T2-Weighted Imaging, as nanopartículas têm uma estrutura core or core-shell com um elemento ______________, como o óxido de _________, o gadolínio, etc. As nanopartículas podem ser __________, lipídicas, poliméricas, silica-based, ____________, etc.

A

paramagnético; silica-based; superparamagnético; ferro; poliméricas; magnético; ferro; SPIONs; micelares

41
Q

On T1-weighted MRI, the contrast is enhanced to make certain tissues appear darker. True or False?

A

False. T2

42
Q

Quais são os requirements (4) para usar nanopartículas em PET e SPECT?

A
  • Narrow NP size distribution;
  • Ability to attach radioactive nuclides or to present radioative signals per se;
  • Colloidal stability;
  • Biocompatibility.
43
Q

Quais são os objetivos (4) de usar nanopartículas em PET e SPECT?

A
  • Improve contrast;
  • Enhanced selectivity;
  • Minimise toxicity;
  • Minimise exposure time and dose to radioactive nuclides.
44
Q

Quais são as vantagens (5) de usar nanopartículas em PET e SPECT em comparação com agentes de contraste tradicionais?

A
  • Improved contrast
  • Enhanced lesion targeting
  • Enhanced circulation life time
  • Minimize radioactive exposure
  • Possibility of theranostic options
45
Q

Para PET, as nanopartículas têm uma estrutura core or core-shell e contêm, ou não, um radiofármaco (copper-64, indium-111 e iodine-124, p.e). As nanopartículas podem ser lipídicas, poliméricas, _________________, micelares, etc. As suas dimensões variam de 5-______ nm.

Para SPECT, as nanopartículas têm uma estrutura core or core-shell e contêm, ou não, um radiofármaco (technetium-99, indium-111 e iodine-123, __________, _________, p.e). As nanopartículas podem ser lipídicas, poliméricas, silica-based, micelares, etc. As suas dimensões variam de ____-300 nm.

A

silica-based; 300; gold-198; gold-199; 5

46
Q

Gold nanoparticles are relatively easy to ______________, allowing to enhance ____________ and to combine with targeting moieties as well as _____________ elements.

A

functionalise; selectivity; tracing

47
Q

Gold nanoparticles have excellent optical, ______________ and acoustic properties, good biocompatibility and present _________ X-ray attenuation.

A

electrical; high

48
Q

Gold nanoparticles are used in ______________ imaging, nuclear medicine, fluorescence imaging, ___________, CT and multimodel systems.

A

photoacoustic; x-ray

49
Q

Gold nanoparticles are versatile and can be shaped into spheres, rods, or shells, each shape having unique optical properties that affect their fluorescence and imaging capabilities. True or False?

A

True

50
Q

What are the requirements (4) for gold particles to be used in fluorescence imaging?

A
  • Narrow NP size distribution;
  • Inherent fluorescence (e.g. rods and shells) or ability to combine with fluorescent elements;
  • Colloidal stability;
  • Biocompatibility.
51
Q

What are the requirements (4) for gold particles to be used in X-ray and CT?

A
  • Narrow NP size distribution;
  • Strong X-ray absorption;
  • Colloidal stability;
  • Biocompatibility.
52
Q

What are the requirements (4) for gold particles to be used in SPECT?

A
  • Narrow NP size distribution;
  • Strong absorption in the NIR window;
  • Colloidal stability;
  • Biocompatibility.
53
Q

Quais são as vantagens (3) de usar nanopartículas de ouro em imagiologia de fluorescência em comparação com usar agentes de contraste tradicionais?

A
  • Improved contrast
  • Enhanced lesion targeting
  • Possibility of theranostic options
54
Q

Quais são as vantagens (4) de usar nanopartículas de ouro em radiologia e CT em comparação com usar agentes de contraste tradicionais?

A
  • Improved contrast
  • Enhanced lesion targeting
  • Enhanced circulation life time
  • Possibility of theranostic options
55
Q

Que conformações (5) podem ter as nanopartículas de ouro quando são usadas em SPECT?

A

Cages, spheres, clusters, rods e shells.

56
Q

Que conformações (9) podem ter as nanopartículas de ouro quando são usadas em radiologia e CT?

A

Cages, spheres, clusters, rods, shells, hollow, core-shell, capsules e stars.

57
Q

Que conformações (3) podem ter as nanopartículas de ouro quando são usadas em imagiologia de fluorescência?

A

Spheres, rods e shells.

58
Q

PdCu@Au ___________ tripods radiolabeled with _______ and conjugated with D-Ala1-peptide T amide (DAPTA) for enhanced targeting of the C−C chemokine receptor 5 (______), a newly identified theranostic target up-regulated in TNBC in PET/CT imaging.

A

core-shell; 64Cu; CCR5

59
Q

In SPECT/CT imaging, spherical AuNPs coated with PEG (Polyethylene Glycol) and conjugated with __________, arginylglycylaspartic acid (RGD) peptide and Gd are used for enhanced targeting of tumors, specially for αvβ3 ___________ ___________ ________.

A

99mTc; integrin positive cells

60
Q

Traditional contrast agents are ________________ that reflect sound waves to create an image. However, nanoparticles are much ____________, allowing them to access tissues and microenvironments that microbubbles cannot. This makes them particularly effective for imaging blood vessels, tumors, and other structures that require high resolution.

A

microbubbles; smaller

61
Q

Quais são as vantagens (5) de usar nanopartículas metal-based para CT em comparação com agentes de contraste tradicionais?

A

-Possibility of theranostic options
-Enhanced targeting
-Imporved contrast resolution
-Reduced toxicity
-Improved circulation life time