Augustus' reign - 30BC - 14AD Flashcards

Question

what did A make up about parthia

Answer 1

-made it seem like they had submitted to roman control although they never did

Answer 2

War and Peace Date: 20BC Significance: they key event at the time: the returning of the legionary standards from the Parthian campaign Key arguments: He looks at ahead to Augustus’ victory over the Parthians, stressing the wealth and material gain from the campaign, he extorts his readers to join in with the fighting to win glory and do their duty to Rome → “Men, the rewards are great: far lands prepare triumphs” The patriotic tone of the poem is somewhat undercut in the final lines where it becomes apparent that Propertius has no intention of joining the battle himself as he looks out the window alongside his girlfriend watch- ing the triumphal procession, safe from harm → “I’ll begin to look, pressing my dear girl’s breast, and scan the names of captured cities.” Propertius must have been a conflict poet, as they were encouraged to write patriotic poems with military themes but his persona was one of a pampered playboy than a serious soldier, in this poem we see this as he supports Augustus’ regime but he only engages himself to an extent

Answer 3

-built in 20 BC -made of marble -significance -marble statue thought to be a copy of the original statue that was vowed to A by the senate in 20bc - commissoned to celebrate A parthian campaign

Answer 4

-depicted as a young man -athleticism emphasised in the muscular legs, arms and in the breastplate'-clear visual reference to the doryphorus of Polycleitus - thought to embody physical perfection -mimicking this pose implies A possed similar excellence

Answer 5

-right arm in pose of a general or emperor adressing an army -oratical pose -general cloak suggests that he is adressing his troops -left arm is positioned to hold a pole - now lost -but also could have been holing a spear, consul staff or recaptured legioanry standard

Answer 6

-cupid son of venus and dolphin was one of her animals -links A to Venus and the divine -dolphin became symbol of A victory over MA -descended from the gods

Answer 7

-further link to the divine -roman sculpture did not often show mortals as barefoot - more than mortal -this version of A after death - doesnt want to be seen as a god in life

Answer 8

-end of war - Parthian hands a roman the legionary standards - the roman is unkown -Woman holding a cornucopia - could be pax/mother earth - symbol of peace and plenty -romes alllies and conqured provinces -inward facing sphinx - associated with Egypt - defeat of Cleo -Apollo and diana -respresentation of the heavens

Answer 9

Chaste and Faithful Galla Date: 20BC Significance: provides a dissenting voice which stressed the negative impact of Augustus’ foreign campaigns Key quotes: ‘how could you leave Galla crying’ Key arguments: Not all artistic output of the Augustan period was supportive of the campaign at the edges of the Empire, Propertius focuses on the negative impact on the foreign wars on those who was left at home, Galla the wife of the addressee of the poem Postumus suffers because her husband is away at war -“Postumus, how could you leave Galla crying, to follow Augustus’ brave standard as a soldier? Was the glory of Parthia’s spoils worth so much to you, with Galla repeatedly begging you not to do it? If it’s permitted may all you greedy ones perish equally, and whoever else prefers his weapon to his faithful bride!” The image of the chaste and faithful Galla in tears begging her husband not to leave her to go on campaign aims to arouse the sympathies of the reader, it is difficult to side with Augustus here as the motivation for Parthia is for material gains, where other poems emphasises the positive of foreign wars this poem bluntly reminds the reader that some soldiers do not return, imagining Galla fearfully waiting for rumour of his death of the sight of his ashes → This is similar to the story of Ulysses, the Latin name for Odysseus the Greek who is on travels trying to get home -The question is does the comparison to Ulysses portray Postumus as a hero's, if yes then supportive of Augustus and if no the damming to both

Answer 10

He needed to be recognised as he was from a politically insignificant family: the Octavii  Caesar had the favour of the urban poor, the largest social class within Rome – these values transferred onto him as he became a populares  Needed to portray himself as Caesar’s legitimate heir and more preferable to Antony  Good Imperator  He was only 18 and so was politically inexperienced; he relied on this relationship  Divi Filius and Divine Lineage Scholarship - Beard – ‘Caesar was Octavian’s passport to power

Answer 11

Too much power could make him seem like a tyrant or despot  He had to alter the cultural memory in order to ensure that Actium was not perceived as a civil war  Could be seen to have the same level of power as Caesar, carrying the risk of assassination  Romans were against one-man rule; he needed to show that he had restored the Republic and saved it from ambitious politicians  Caesar had not been an ideal figure and as a result, he had many enemies within the Senate  Augustus had linked himself so strongly with Caesar that it would be hard to ‘divorce’ himself from this image

Answer 12

- focus on JC the god not JC the man - remove association with the -ve things that he did - JC beyond reproach as a god - comet used to symbolise divinity

Answer 13

Denarius with eight-rayed comet Date: 19-18BC Obverse: Portrait of Augustus with laurel wreath Reverse: Eight rayed comet with tail pointing upward Significance: Star represents Caesar’s comet from the commemorative games Symbolises Caesar as a god, rather than a portrait Stresses his divinity and encourage people to forget him as a man

Answer 14

He was from an equestrian family, the second- highest social class  Extensively and expensively educated  Did not need patronage, unlike Horace who was a client of Maecenas  Early elegies ensured that he was popular and celebrated  He was exiled by Augustus

Answer 15

Friendly with many poets of Maecenas’ inner circle such as Horace and Virgil  Fasti covered religious festivals of the Roman calendar; filled with stories of origins and festivals, making reference to the ones restored by Augustus  Not Anti-Augustan, Metamorphoses ends by predicting the deification of Caesar  In the Fasti, he promotes patriotism, traditional worship and respect, according to Augustus’ own behaviour

Answer 16

Ars Amatoria (2 AD) showed the futility of Augustus’ legislation on marriage and adultery  Early works show independence from the ‘party line’ – he had his own views  Erotic and playful nature of his elegies may have offended Augustus personally

Answer 17

Date: 8AD Significance: provides the narrative account of Julius Caesar + the reasons for his promotions Key arguments: His poem deals with the theme of metamorphoses (change) of Augustus’ change with Julius Caesar Ovid wanted this poem to encompass the stories of the whole universe and so it begins with creation and via a large number of myths and it ends with a celebration of the most recent metamorphosis at Ovid’s time of writing The deification of Julius Caesar The section starts by outlining the reason why Julius Caesar was made a god Ovid’s account of Julius Caesar’s achievements is very brief and vague but this ensures the reader is not reminded of the events of Julius Caesar’s dictatorship nor of his civil wars Ovid goes onto explain the reason why Julius Caesar was deified: “There is no greater achievement among Caesar’s actions than that he stood father to our emperor” In these lines Ovid stresses Julius Caesar’s relationship to Augustus encouraging the reader to focus on this aspect as well -Ovid then lists some of Julius Caesar’s military victories in the next lines but again he stresses that these achievements pale into insignificance when compared with his relationship to Augustus At the end of the list Ovid invites his reader to reimagine their own history: “Therefore, in order for the emperor not to have been born of mortal seed, Caesar needed to be made a god” Following this explanation the scene shifts to the home of the gods Venus the progenitor of the Julian clan is frantic as she realises that Julius Caesar is about to be assassinated She catalogues the pains she has had to suffer first at the hands if the mortal hero Diomede during the Trojan War, Then as her son Aeneas was forced to wander in search of a new city The assassination of Julius Caesar is elevated to mythological status by association with these events from Roman legend Despite Venus’ protests it is clear that the assignation has been fates to occur Jupiter King of the gods and voice of fate reassures Venus that Julius Caesar’s time to die has come but his son Augustus will avenge him: “Augustus, as heir to his name, will carry the burden placed upon him alone, and will have us with him, in battle as the most courageous avenger of his father’s murder.” By outing this prophecy (which goes on to detail events in the civil wars) in Jupiter’s mouth, Ovid legitimizes Octavin’s civil wars. This section also underlines a specific aspect of Augustus’ relationship with Julius Caesar: Augustus as his avenger Ovid described Julius Caesar’s metamorphosis into a comet and ends hi account by showing him contemplating Augustus’ deeds from on high and judging them superior to his own Ovid praises Augustus as greater than his father and goes so far as to suggest that he too will become a god: “I beg that the day be slow to arrive, and beyond our own lifetimes, when Augustus shall rise to heaven, leaving the world he rules, and there, far off, shall listen, with favour, to our prayers!”

Answer 18

-decline in moral standards -given way to ideas of luxery and indulgnce - increased nature of personal advancement and enrichment -sexual morals had seen a decline and icrease in adultery caused two major issues -no certaintiy of childrens parternity -chaste women were believed to have a speical potency in religous ceremonies - lobved by the gods -many thought that this wa sthe reason for toubles

Answer 19

Moral Decadence Date: 23BC Significance: : deals with the issue of moral laxity + links this with misfortunes that had befallen the Roman people in recent years / explore the insecurity held by many Romans in the recent civil wars Key quotes: ‘you’ll still expiate your father’s sins, till you’ve restored the temples’, ‘meditate sinful affairs’ Key arguments: Horace explore an insecurity held by many Romans that the recent civil wars and defeats suffered from foreign enemies were punishments from the gods and they were angry be- cause of two reasons: “Romans, though you’re guiltless, you still expiate your fathers’ sins” They allude to a great misdeed committed by a prior generation, it could refer to the very founding of Rome when Romulus killed his twin brother Remus This was the first act of civil conflict in Rome and some Romans believed that the civil wars that he plagued all of Rome’s history were punishment for this act Horace proceeds to suggests another reason: the gods are angry because the people have been neglecting their religious duties and hammers his point home wit a catalogue of Rome’s recent military embarrassments The cause of military failure is attributed to a slip in the moral standards of living Romans → here Horace shifts his blame from the “fathers” of previous generations and aims his accu- sation firmly at his contemporary Romans: “Our age, fertile in its wickedness, has first defiled the marriage bed, our offspring, and homes: disaster’s stream has flowed from this source through the people and the fatherland” Roman religious belief held that chaste women were particularly loved by the gods ad so there were several religious rituals that required that the participants be married and chaste This was particularly true in times of national emergency → the Romans also believed that the gods hated infidelity which is why Horace links recent military failures with the idea of sexual morals The closet Rome came to defat was at the Punic wars and so the Romans who fought in them were seen as heroes which Horace praises to → and to get the gods back on the Ro- mans side they must behave well and look for example from he heroes and that the temples are restored

Answer 20

father of the state

Answer 21

-given to A in 2bc - set a strong example thorugh the behaviour of the imperial fam -needed to inspire the people of rome to chnage their ways through encouraging them to look upon him as a father figure

Answer 22

laws that regulated the behaviour of citizens they encourgaed marriage and childbearing, making adultery a crime with severe punishments for all parties - fathers could murder their daughters if they comitted -umarried citizens prevented from attednign festivals and games there was some touble in implementing these laws - open rebellion and attempts to circumnavigate these laws

Answer 23

-discusses the leges Iuliae and the problems that occured when implementing these laws - brought into question whether A was an effective moral reformer -open rebellion to the laws - most led by individuals from the upper class -people wanted laws removed, softened or immunties enxtended - people flouted the rules - some by marrying young girls the gettng divorced and remarried -

Answer 24

discusses A being given the title Pater Patriae and how he sought to control the behaviour of his grandchildren the extent that this can be believed is debatable but they live to remain as a rep of his behaviour

Answer 25

-shows how A himself behaved in accordance with morality laws and sought to exemplify correct behaviour -A had modest tatse and his home on the Palatine hill was not a spectacular palace and he did not appear in public luxuriously -hoped to discoruage others from behaving incorrectly

Answer 26

- wove all of A clothes - winning him pop with conservatives as is traditional - grease tg the wheels of business and politics - took part in religious festivals and sacrifice -manner in which she behaved and conducted herself was exemplary -respresented trad values when her son died she mourned him but did it in public to comprise with roman custom

Answer 27

Augustus Returns Date: 23BC Significance: celebrates Augustus’ return from foreign campaign + stress on morality, mentions Octavia and Livia as role models Key quotes: ‘matchless husband’ Key arguments: Was written to commemorate the return of Augustus from military cam- paigns in Gaul → it touches on themes of Augustan poetry: the peace that comes from war, prosperity for the Roman people and the importance of religious observances It is notable for the way it holds up the women of the imperial household as role models for the audience “May his wife rejoice in a matchless husband, having sacrificed to true gods, appear now with our famous leader’s sister, and, all dressed in holy ribbons, the mothers of virgins and youths, now safe and sound” Livia is explicitly linked with the practice of Roman religion as she has been participating in ritual sacrifice → her virtue is highlighted even more strongly because she has been sacrificing in her husbands absence Augustus trusts her to maintain the affairs of the household and to honour the gods while he is away

Answer 28

-A only biological child -not a good role model -2 bc she was accused of adultery by A -he dealt with the issue in a manner that reinforced his personal and moral agenda - in accordance with the leges iuliae she was exiled from Rome

Answer 29

-A granddaughter - daughter of Julia the elder -8 AD accused of adultery - sent into exile -gave birth to a child who A rejected and refused to rear -between 1-14 AD her husband was exucuted for conspriing against A -A could sistance himself from their misdeeds and preserve his own rep

Answer 30

explains the deaths and scandals of the imperial fam -gives the impression that other facors excluding adultery forced them into exile -Pheobe - Julias friend - was aware of her behaviour and killed herself - A was ashamed of his daughters actions and wihsed she had died instead - disgusted with the behaviours of his "three tumours"

Answer 31

a new golden age - greek and roman myth told of an idyllic golden age

Answer 32

-first race of men lived carefree lives - free from suffering and hard work -loved by the gods -spent theirs duys in unending feasts

Answer 33

-Golden age presided over by Saturn - ended when Jupiter overthrew him -implying that anyone who overthrew A would end the goldne age

Answer 34

-17 Bc - ludi Saeculares -claimed this was prophesised in the sybilline books -those who had been banned form the games due to thier umarried status under the leges Iuliae were allowed to participate -lasting peace, abundance and prosperity were all emphasised -this blessed state could only be maintained throught moral vigilance and diligent religious observance and continued loyalty to A

Answer 35

Date: 17BC Significance: composed to be performed during the ludi seculars 17BC Key quotes: ‘Phoebus, Diana’, ‘mightier than rome’ Key arguments: It addresses carious gods praising their greatness and asking for blessings on the Roman people → the deities selected for inclu- sion each had some connection to Augustus himself or to his regime For example his patron god Apollo and Apollo’s twin sister Diana feature as the addresses of the hymn - As in previous poems when speaking of Apollo Horace distinguished between warlike Apollo and peaceful Apollo perhaps a veiled reference to the militaristic and civic versions of Augustus himself “Gentle and peaceful Apollo, lay down your arms, and listen now to the young lads’ supplications” Venus also features, in her role as the mother of Aeneas and the progenitor of the Julian clan → at first the presence of Ilithyia a relatively minor goddess of childbirth is less explicable, however the reason for her inclusion is explained through a clear reference to Augustus’ social and moral legislation Horace beseeches Ilithiya: “Goddess, nurture our offspring, bring to fruition the Senate’s decrees concerning the wedlock of women who’ll bear us more children, the laws of marriage Horace’s Carmen Saeculare is clearly intended to be a celebration of Augustus’ new age → the language of fertility reminds the audience of the Golden Age of peace and plenty that Augustus brought References to religious and social reforms simultaneously remind the audience how they are expected to

Answer 36

-did he rig the declaration -desire to return to the golden age had been before A time - celebrated Saturnalia every december

Answer 37

To Augustus Date: 13BC Significance: communicates the idea that peace and prosperity reign in Rome, thanks to Augustus Key quotes: ‘brought back Parthian pillars’, ‘gates of Romulus’ temple’ Key arguments: Opens with a self-deprecating apology → Horace tells his reader that he had tried to write military poetry but Apollo had stopped him “Phoebus condemned my verse, when I tried to sing of war and conquered cities” Whether this is meant literally or as a reference to Augustus’ personal influence on Horace’s literary career is unclear Horace goes on to explain that now Crassus’ standards have been recovered from the Parthians and the gates of Janus’ temple have been closed there is no with the renewed prosperity of Italy Horace explicitly states that this blessed state of peace and plenty exists because of Augustus’ position at the head of the state: “With Caesars protecting the state, no civil disturbance will banish the peace, no violence, no anger that forges swords, and makes mutual enemies of wretched towns” This links closely with the myth of the Saturnian Golden Age, where a charmed state of peace and plenty brought about a single ruler By inviting his readers to make his link Horace is most likely supporting Augustus’ regime by suggesting that should Augustus be overthrown the Golden Age would end just as when Saturn was overthrown by Jupiter In closing lines of the poem Horace suggests rekindling the old Roman tradition of singing stories of past leaders on festival days This ties in with Augustus’ own drive to restore Roman religious practice to its bygone glory days and also give Horace the opportunity to praise Augustus’ ancestors: “we’ll sing of Troy Anchises, and the people of Venus

Answer 38

Augustus distributing suffimenta to the people Date: 16BC Obverse: Laureate Augustus Reverse: Three figures – Augustus distributing suffimenta (gifts of sulphur to make torches for rituals during the festival) to the people before the ludi saeculares Text: L ME-SCI-NIVS (Lucius Mescinius Rufus – name of magistrate who minted the coin, helps date to 16BC) AUG SVF P (Augustus Suffimenta Populo – Augustus having given suffimenta to the people) LUD S (Ludi Saeculares) -idea of A as a benefactor for the people of rome

Answer 39

-no set precedent for what would happen after A death - as principate was ot hereditary -groom his younger male relatives for power

Answer 40

-Gaius and Lucius -his grandsons -ideal canditates as related by blood and had a rep for great military and political achivements

Answer 41

-gaius - 13 bc at the Troy game - equestrian -lucius - troops stationed near the rhine -began to appear on official coinage

Answer 42

-gaius - killed on campaign in armenia in 4 AD -lucius taken ill in gaul and died 2 AD

Answer 43

Aureus with Gaius and Lucius as first among the young Date: 2BC-4AD Mint: Lyon Mint Obverse: Augustus wearing civic crown (awarded for ending the civil wars and saving Roman citizens) Reverse: Princes with shields and spears – displays their military might (or honorary spears given to nobility) simpulum (ritual ladle) and lituus (crooked wand) – refer to the priestly colleges they were connected to; display they are pious like Augustus Text: lists their achievements Consul designate – decreed by Senate (will be consuls in future years) Augustus’ sons – most important title – source of their power Princeps iuventutis – title given to Gaius, no power but equated him with Augustus (who was often called the princeps) Significance: Depicts Gaius and Lucius as obvious successors to Augustus’ position

Answer 44

Agrippa Postumus  Adopted by Augustus in 4 AD but he was never a strong contender for the succession  He was known to be brutish, insolent and violent  He resisted all efforts to improve his behaviour and as a result was exiled in 6 AD Tiberius  Adopted in 4 AD; Augustus’ step-son  Had never been Augustus’ favourite and was never likely to be named as official heir  He had been a general in the army, with little involvement in political affairs  He went into self-imposed exile on Rhodes in 6 BC; the reason for this is unknown but it has been suggested that he was resentful of his arranged marriage to Julia the Elder  He was summoned back to Rome in 2 AD after Lucius had died

Answer 45

Drusus and the Claudius Date: 13BC Significance: : focuses on the military achievements of Tiberius and Drusus and the role of Augustus as a father-figure Key quotes: ‘like the winged agent of the bright lighting bolt’, ‘with care, in a fortunate household, by Augustus’ fatherly feelings’ Key arguments: Horace celebrates the achievements of Tiberius and Drusus against the Germanic tribes living around the Alps in 15-14 BC When reading of the achievements of the young generals that Augustus was the supreme com- mander in Rome and thus technically responsible for all military victories By praising the successes of Tiberius and Drusus he is indirectly glorifying Augustus himself Towards the beginning of the poem a simile compares Drusus to a ‘lion-cub newly weaned from fresh milk’ This simile coveys the youth and inexperience of Drusus but does not suggest that he is an ineffective commander The lion-cub of Horace’s simile is fated to kill a deer despite its inexperience Horace intended for the audience to be impressed by the innate power and skill of the lion-cub of the audience to be impressed by the innate power and skill of the lion-cub and thus of Drusus A central theme of the poem is the role education and proper upbringing → when this poem was published Tiberius and Drusus was Augustus’ step-sons Nevertheless Horace praises the role Augustus played in shaping the men they had become: “They came to realise what mind and character nurtured, with care, in a fortune household, by Augustus’ fatherly feelings towards his stepsons, the Neros, could do” Drusus is subsequently likened through a simile to a lion With this innate skill and careful nurturing by Augustus he is shown to be an impressive young man indeed Horace goes onto mention one of the most glorious achievements of Tiberius and Drusus’ ances- tors; the defeat of the Carthaginian general Hasdrubal by Gaius Claudius Nero in 207 BC during the Punic wars This victory was particularly sweet to the Romans since Hasdrubal was the brother of the infamous Hannibal The final section of the poem takes the form of a speech put in the mouth of Hannibal himself → He curses the foolishness of the Carthaginians to pit themselves against the power of Rome and pours such flattery that it seems completely unbelievable

Answer 46

-suetonius - found a city of brick, he left as marble -A tasked Agrippa with organsing and funding many if the projects to improve the quality of life for the urban residents

Answer 47

-33 bc - overhauled cities water supply and improved the aqueducts -construction of the Pantheon - dedicated to all of the gods

Answer 48

-showing how they could gain fame for themselves - as A being the uncontested leader meant they had little opp to win renown

Answer 49

-restored the basilica Ameilia and Basilica Julia - both multi-functional civic places that incorperated law courts and spaces for business - this was nessacry as the pop of rome was increasing at such an extent that the old law courts could not handle the vol of cases -moved the pomperium - siginifed the sclae and grandeur of the city -completion of projects started by Caesar - Forum of JC and the Curia of JC - linked the relationship bwt them -forum of Augustus -ara pacis

Answer 50

-restored temples Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus Lupercal Cave Temple of Saturn new religious buildings Temple of Mars Ultor Temple to the Deified Julius Caesar Temple of Apollo on the Palatine Hill Pantheon civic buildings Curia Forum of Augustus Forum of Julius Caesar public amenities Aqueducts Flaminian Way Theatre of Pompey Public Baths public monuments Lupercal Cave Triumphal Arches

Answer 51

20 Bc - completed in 2 AD

Answer 52

Temple of Mars Ultor - at the battle fo Philippi he vowed to erect a temple to Mars of he won imported marble was used throughout which showed the geographical reach, power and wealth of the empire -housed the parthian standards and was where the senate discussed triumphs and declerations of war - empahsied A pietas and role as imperator

Answer 53

-east/ A - central courtyard with two long porticos with statues on them - these were lined with stautues of famous romans - A ancestors, generals and politicians -east exedra -statue of romulus (C) -west/ B - statue of A - west exedra - statue of Aeneas and his descendents eg Julian clan - embodyed the values of pietas -central courtyard - one statue - a likeness of A riding a chariot drawn by 4 horses - inscription read PATER PATRIAE (D) -temple of mars ultor (E) - overlooked the rest of the forum - temple contained a cult statue to Mars the avenger (F) - flanked by a statue to venus genetrix (the great mother) and the diefied JC

Answer 54

-altar to Augustan peace -pax central to A propaganda

Answer 55

-13 BC - dedicated in 9 BC -made from white marble -located on the campus martius - bwt A mausoleum and the tiber -in the res gestae 12 - senate vowed to dedicate the complex after A return from Hispania - A sytle of self-rpesentation and allows him to maintain an air of humility -the subject of the altar and the reason for its dedication helped reinforce his regime: "peace through military strength" location -stood on the main road out of rome - a lot of foot traffic would pass it - meaning that it would be highly visible to the people of rome -the campus martius was a large open space used by individuals from all socials including: the senate, the amry and the general pop

Answer 56

lower -continuous band of plant life - central plant is a acanthus which is interwoven by vines upper - decor has been lost but thought to have been highly decorated also

Answer 57

-symbol of the Augustan Golden age -allude to fertility and natural bounty -vines follow regualr symmetrical patterns - maybe just an aesthectic choice or that the fertility and plenty of the golden age is a result of strict social order -comment on augustus' rigidity of his regime

Answer 58

Aeneas, romulus and remus, Goddess Roma, Tellus front tells of romes historical ancestors whilst back tells of myth

Answer 59

-aeneas arrives in italy and sacrifices pigs to the Penates - gods of troy -prophecy that A would found the city of rome when he saw a white sow with 30 piglets - as told in book 8 of the aenied -has his head covered showing that he is taking part in religious rituals - pietas POSSIBILITY charcater is not aeneas but Numa, romes second king who founded thier religous traditons - likelehood is low as A was aware that he could not have any association with one-man rule

Answer 60

Romulus and Remus as babies with she-wolf (educated guess) Grown figures – Mars (left), Faustulus (right), shepherd who raised Romulus and Remus Connection to founding of Rome and Mars -father figures -alludes to A indicating that he wants to be seen as the father of rome although has not been given the title yet

Answer 61

Goddess Roma Appears – seated on pile of weapons confiscated from enemy (peace by making them unable to make war) Represents personification of Rome Link between war and peace

Answer 62

-named after earth mother Tellus -Much debated on the central figure Tellus – personification of earth (fertility and abundance) Domesticated animals and flowers Pax – Peace Venus Genetrix – Venus the mother Left – personification of sky Right – personification of sea Most common argument – Tellus Fits with depiction of earth between sky and sea. Domesticated animals and mother imagery consistent with this babies represent the future of rome

Answer 63

Religious procession Over 50 figures (debate over who) Agreed – Augustus, Livia, Agrippa Toga not military dress – Civic leader and religious role model Imperial children – children innovation in frieze art Shows the future of Rome and continuation of the Golden age show the importance of the imperial fam - in upholding traditional values but also setting out romes future

Answer 64

-30 BC -limestone -example of A diverse presentation throughout the empire -Augustus is presented opposite the Egyptian goddess Isis on the Kalabsha Gate -Part of a temple complex dedicated to a Nubian sun god named Mandulis -Shows Augustus embracing the gods he did not associate himself with in the city of Rome -Although never crowned ruler of Egypt, he is depicted in the style of the pharaohs -They say ‘the Roman’ and ‘Caesar the god, son of a god’ -Dressed in Egyptian style – shirtless, large collar-style necklace, Egyptian style crown, short skirt -identifed by cartouches

Answer 65

The Romans did not always impose their religion on the people of the Empire Isis, for example, was a favorite deity of some Roman citizens despite her Egyptian origins Thus it was not scandalous for Augustus to identify with gods like Isis or Mandulis However, they weren’t used in his Roman imagery where he focused on gods like Apollo, Pax, and those related to the Julian clan Other reliefs in the temple show Egyptian deities crowning Augustus – show they approve of his rule Also Augustus making offerings to Egyptian deities – still promotes his pious image

Answer 66

Meroe Head of Augustus Date: 27-25BC Located: Sudan (but believed to have been originally in Egypt) Style: Similar to Prima Porta - hellenistic approach Significance: Evidence Augustus also depicted himself in Classical style outside Rome Evidence Augustus presented a mixed image in Egypt, perhaps to cater to native Egyptians and Roman citizens living in Egypt

Answer 67

-augustsus didnt want to be worshipped as this could play poorly in rome - even though done out of a sign of respect -encoruaged the worhsip of a new cult: rome and augustus -so were worshipping him in assocation with roma - the personification of rome -retained the impression that no ruler worship was taking place even though it was eg temple of rome and augustus at Pula - 2-14 AD -encouraged the worship of the divine JC and of his won genius -divinity -associated the worship of his genius with the lares