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Neuro Block 6 > Auditory System > Flashcards

Auditory System Flashcards

1
Q

External ear

A

Pinna and external auditory meatus

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2
Q

What does the external ear do

A

Funnel directing sound waves and localized sound

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3
Q

Significance of the child’s external ear

A

It’s is situated more horizontal. Inflammation hard to drain, more ear infections

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4
Q

An air filled space in the temporal bone that is interposed between the tympanic membrane and the inner ear structures

A

Middle ear (tympanic cavity)

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5
Q

What are the three bones in the tympanic membrane that transmit sound?

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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6
Q

What does the cochlea contain

A
  • fluid filled membranous labyrinth
  • organ of corti
  • neurons of the spinal ganglion with their peripheral and central axonal branches
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7
Q

What is the hearing receptor?

A

Organ of corti in the cochlea

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8
Q

The membranous cochlea, the coiled portion of the inner ear is encased in

A

Osseous cochlea

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9
Q

The central chamber of the membranous cochlea is the cochlear duct, also called the

A

Scala media

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10
Q

What is scala media filled with

A

Endolymph

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11
Q

Above the scala media is the ___________, positioned to communicate with the vestibule, the portion of the membranous inner ear between the oval window and the cochlea

A

Scala vestibuli

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12
Q

How does the fluid move in the ear

A

Stapes to scala vestibuli to helicotrema to scala tympani

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13
Q

Below the scala media, the ________ ends at the round window, which separates this space from the middle ear cavity

A

Scala tympani

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14
Q

What is filled with perilymph

A

Scala vestibulie and scala tympani

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15
Q

Where do the scala vestibuli and scala tympani communicate

A

Helicotrema

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16
Q

In cross section, the scala media is bounded by

A
  • the basilar membrane below
  • the vestibular membrane above
  • the stria vascularis externally
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17
Q

What defines sound frequency/intensity? Turns sound to electrical signal

A

Organ or corti

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18
Q

Where does the organ of corti sit

A

Rests on the basilar membrane

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19
Q

What is the organ of corti composed of

A

Inner and outer hair cells, supporting cells and the tectorial membrane

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20
Q

What are the inner and outer hair cells separated by in the organ or corti?

A

The tunnel of corti

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21
Q

What does the organ of corti synapse with

A

Cochlear nerve

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22
Q

Inner hairs of the organ of corti

A

Form a single line spiraling from base to apex

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23
Q

Outer hair cells of the organ of corti

A

Form the parallel lines that follow the same course as the inner hair cells

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24
Q

The endolymph as a high cxn of what ion

A

K

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25
Q

What kind of environment do the hair cells reside in

A

High potassium since they are surrounded by endolymph

26
Q

What are inner hair cells extrmely sensitive to?

A

Transducers that convert the mechanical force applied to the hair bundle into an electrical signal

27
Q

Mechanical movement of the hair cells

A

Hair cells pushing will open the K+ channels, depolarixing the cell

28
Q

What creates a force that drives the K into the cell

A

The potential difference between the endolymph and the hair cell interior

29
Q

Hair cell depolarization

A

Voltage-gated calcium channels at the base of the cell open, and the resulting influx of calcium causes synaptic vessicles to fuse to the cell membrnae and to release glutamate into the synaptic cleft between the hair cell and the cochlear nerve fibers

30
Q

What causes depolarization of the afferent fiber?

A

The transmitter, and an action potential is transmitted along the cochlear nerve fiber

31
Q

Damage to the stria vascularis

A

Results in loss of the endolymph attic potential and failure of mechanoelectrical transduction

32
Q

In the cochlea, the pressure from the compression of the perilymph imparts motion to the

A

Basilar membrane, causing a wave to travel along it

33
Q

Where is the basilar membrane stiffest?

A

At its base and becomes more flexible towards the tip

34
Q

High frequency wavelengths in the basilar membrane

A

Displacement close to the base

35
Q

Low frequencies in the basal membrame

A

Apex displaced

36
Q

Basilar membrane and aging

A

It stiffens beingning at the base, hence we first lose high pitched tones first

37
Q

Where do the cochlear cell bodies lie

A

The spiral ganglion

38
Q

Transmits sound and equilibrium (balance) information from the inner ear to the brain

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve

39
Q

What are the two major divions of the vestibulocochlear nerve

A

Cochlear nerve

Vestibular nerve

40
Q

How does the cochlear nerve travel way from the cochlea?

A

As it travels away from the cochlea of the inner ear, it starts as the spiral ganglion

41
Q

Where does the vestibulocochlear nerve exit the brainstem

A

At the pontomedullary junction just lateral to the facial nerve

42
Q

How does the vestibulocochlear nerve travel

A

In the subarachnoid space to enter the internal auditory meatus together with the facial nerve and travels in the auditory canal of the petrous temporal bone to reach the cochlea and vestibular organs

43
Q

Where are the poster cochlear nucleus and the anterior cochlear nucleus located

A

Partially on the surface of the brainstem at the pontomedullary junction

44
Q

Is the cochlear nerve unilateral or bilateral?

A

Bilateral. Can compensate for one sided deficit. No hearing loss after stroke

45
Q

All fibers in the cochlear nerve synapse in the

A

Cochlear nuclei

46
Q

As cochlear information ascends it is distributed through multiple parallel pathways that ultimately converge in the

A

Inferior colliculus

47
Q

From the midbrain, auditory information is conveyed from the inferior colliculus by its brachium to the ________________ of the thalamus and then through the internal sapsule to the auditory cortex

A

Medial geniculate nucleus

48
Q

Where is the auditory cortex located

A

In the transverse gyri of the temporal lobe (Gyri of Herschl). Two of them are buried in the lateral sulcus

49
Q

Injury to elements of the peripheral apparatus, such as the ear ossicles or the tympanic membrane

A

Conductive deafness

50
Q

Damage to the eighth crainial nerve (tumor) may result in

A

Sensorineural deafness

51
Q

What is Rinne test based on

A

Air and bone conductance

52
Q

What does Rinne test screen for

A

Presence of conductive hearing loss

53
Q

Normal hearing air and bone conductance

A

AC>BC

54
Q

Abnormal conductive hearing during Rinne test

A

AC

55
Q

If the Rinne test is normal is it positive or negative?

A

Positive

56
Q

What is Webber test based on

A

Bone conductance only

57
Q

What does Webber test screen for

A

Sensorineural hearing loss

58
Q

Normal hearing during Webber test

A

No lateralization, bone conducts the vibration of the fork equally to both cochlea

59
Q

Abnormal sensorineural hearing in Webber test

A

Lateralization to opposite ear. Bone conductance is still equal, but the auditory nerve damage prevents the patient from “hearing” the tuning fork vibration on the affected side

60
Q

Unilateral sensorineural hearing loss and Rinne test

A

Rinne test will appear “normal” but the patient will hear the fork for much shorter time compared to the unaffected ear

61
Q

Weber test and both auditory nerves are damaged

A

No lateralization because nerve conductance is equally diminished, Weber test is useless

Neuro Block 6 (8 decks)

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