Auditory System Flashcards

1
Q

Amplitude

A

Height of sound wave
- Corresponds to volume of sound
- Stronger vibrations = Larger changes in pressure = Higher volume

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2
Q

Frequency

A

Number of sound waves in given period
- Corresponds to pitch
- Greater frequency shrinks wavelength = high pitch

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3
Q

Outer Ear

A

Funnels sound waves into ear canal
1. Pinna

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4
Q

Middle Ear

A

Concentrates sound energies
1. Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum)
2. Ossicles
3. Oval Window
4. Round Window

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5
Q

Inner Ear

A

Converts sound into neural activity
1. Cochlea
- Scala vestibuli
- Scala media
- Scala tympani

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6
Q

Scala Media

A

Middle Canal of Cochlea
- Contains Organ of Corti
-

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7
Q

Tectorial Membrane

A
  1. Connects to vestibular canal
  2. Stereocilia protude from each hair cell & extend into membrane
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8
Q

Basilar Membrane

A
  1. Hair cells embedded into membrane
  2. Anchors auditory system to tympanic canal
    - Higher frequencies displace base
    - Lower frequencies displace apex
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9
Q

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

A

Cranial nerve that innervates inner ear
1. Hearing & sensation of balance

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10
Q

Inner v. Outer Hair Cells

A

Outer: Discriminates frequencies
- Expansion: stiffen & reduce vibration
- Contraction: relax & increase vibration
Inner: Perception of sound

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11
Q

Auditory Pathway

A
  1. Cochlear Nucleus
  2. Superior Olivary Nucleus
  3. Inferior Colliculus
  4. Medial Geniculate Nucleus (Thalamus)
  5. Temporal Lobe
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12
Q

Tonotopic Mapping

A
  1. Arrangement according to frequencies at which they respond
  2. Row of neurons respond to specific range of frequencies
    - Apex: low frequencies
    - Base: high frequencies
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13
Q

Vestibular System

A
  1. Detects position and movement of the head
  2. Three axes
    - Pitch
    - Yaw
    - Roll
  3. Mechanically-gated ion channel system
    - Hair cells sway - perceives movement on three axes
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14
Q

Binaural Cues

A
  1. Intensity & Latency Differences
    - Takes longer for sound waves to reach one ear than the other
  2. Signal sound location
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15
Q

Streams of Information

A
  1. Dorsal: Where?
    - parietal lobe
  2. Ventral: What?
    - temporal lobe
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16
Q

Auditory Stimuli to Neural Activity

A
  1. Vibration causes tip-links to sway
  2. Tip-links slant & rip open mechanically-gated ion channel
  3. Influx of K+ and Na+
  4. Hair cell depolarizes
  5. Opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channel
  6. Neurotransmitter release
  7. Action potential