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Aud. & Hearing Impairment Flashcards

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1
Q

Anatomy of the auditory system includes what structures?

A

Structures of the outer ear, middle ear and inner ear (p. 410)

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2
Q

Cartilage framed appendage covered w/ skin that appears around the 6th weak of gestation from 1st and 2nd branchial arches.

A

The Pinna (Auricle) (p. 410)

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3
Q

The external auditory meatus (EAM) is an s-shaped oval canal ___ to ___ mm in length. It opens at the ______ and terminates at the _____________.

A

25 to 33 mm
pinna
tympanic membrane
(p. 410)

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4
Q

The tympanic membrane does what?

A

It transduces sound (p. 410)

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5
Q

What is the function of the outer ear?

A

collects sounds and channels it to the middle ear. (p.410)

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6
Q

Besides auditory function, what other function does the OE serve?

A

protection

  • cerumen ‘noxious’ to introders
  • s-shape prevents foreign objects from reaching ME and TM (p. 411)
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7
Q

What does the ossicular chain consist of and what does it do?

A

3 bones (smallest in human body)

transfers the mechanical vibrations from TM to inner ear
p. 411

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8
Q

______= the most lateral ossicle, consisting of manubrium, head, neck and lateral and anterior processes; attached to the TM and the incus.

A

Malleus (p. 411)

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9
Q

______ = the middle and largest bone in the ossicular chain consisting of a body and a short, long, and lenticular process.

A

Incus (p. 411)

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10
Q

______= the most medial third and smallest ossicle consisting of a head, footplate, and 2 crura. The footplate is held in the oval window by annular ligament.

A

Stapes (p. 411)

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11
Q

What are the 2 muscles in the ME?

A

The tensor tympani and the stapedius muscle (p. 411)

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12
Q

Tensor tympani pulls malleus ______.

A

medially (p. 411)

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13
Q

Stapedius muscle (smallest muscle in body) pulls stapes _____ and tilts what?

A

posteriorly and tilts footplate in oval window (p. 411)

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14
Q

_________= mucosal lined pathway that ventilates the ME through the connection to the nasopharynx.

A

Eustachian tube (p. 411)

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15
Q

impedance mismatch = ?

A

loss of sound energy (p. 411)

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16
Q

How does the ME compensate for impedance mismatch? How much is compensated?

A

two primary mechanisms –> lever effect and ME muscles increase sensitivity

25 to 27 dB of estimated 30dB is compensated
(p. 411)

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17
Q

Complex structure residing within the petrous portion of the temporal bone

A

Inner ear (p. 411)

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18
Q

What are the 2 functions of the IE?

A

sense of hearing (cochlea) and sense of balance (semicircular canals and otolithic organs) (p. 411)

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19
Q

a bony canal that surrounds a membranous tube, about 35 mm in length and coils around central core approx 2 3/4 turns.

A

cochlea (p. 412)

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20
Q

________= upper canal running from oval window to helicotrema; contains perilymph

A

scala vestibuli (p. 412)

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21
Q

_______= lower canal running from the round window to helicotrema; contains perilymph

A

scala tympani (p. 412)

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22
Q

______= middle canal divided from scala vestibuli by Reissner’s membrane and from scala tympani by basilar membrane; contains organ of corti and contains endolymph.

A

scala media (p. 412)

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23
Q

The organ of corti consists of ?

A

sensory hair cells, support cells and support membranes and ligaments (p. 412)

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24
Q

How many (sensory) Outer Hair Cells (OHC) are there approx?

A

13,500 per ear; housed in 3 to 4 rows (p. 412)

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25
Q

The OHC serve as?

A

biologic modifier increasing or decreasing sensitivity to sounds by changing length of hair cells ( p. 412)

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26
Q

How many (sensory) Inner Hair Cells (IHC) are there approx?

A

3500 per ear housed in 1 row (p. 412)

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27
Q

The IHC serve as?

A

serve to process frequency, temporal and intensity info to auditory pathway (p. 413)

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28
Q

The basilar membrane yields what?

A

Tonotopicity in which high frequencies are processed at the base and low frequencies at the apex (p. 413)

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29
Q

What is the tectorial membrane responsible for?

A

For shearing the stereocilia of the hair cells (p. 413)

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30
Q

What is the main function of the IE?

A

Changes the mechanical energy into hyrdomechanical energy and then into neural impulses (p. 413)

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31
Q

Middle Ear contains what?

A 
tympanic membrane
Malleus
Incus-Middle bone
Stapes 
Tensor tympani
Stapedius muscle
Eustachian tube connects middle ear to nasopharynx
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32
Q

What does Inner Ear house?

A

Oval window
Labyrinths
Vestibular system
Cochlea

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33
Q

Cochlea

A
  • -inner ear
  • -Contains basilar membrane, organ of Corti, cilia
  • -Receives wavelike movements that transform them into electrical energy that can stimulate nerve endings and carry sound to the brain
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34
Q

Oval window

A
  • -inner ear
  • -Beginning of inner ear
  • -Small opening in temporal bone that houses inner ear.
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35
Q

Labyrinths

A
  • -in inner ear

- -Interconnecting tunnels in inner ear that are filled with perilymph

36
Q

Vestibular system

A
  • -inner ear

- -3 semicircular canals responsible for equilibrium

37
Q

What does Cranial nerve VIII do?

A
  • -Vestibular branch-equilibrium and balance

- -Auditory branch-Supplies hair cells of cochlea and conducts electrical sound impulses from cochlea to brain

38
Q

Speech frequencies

A

125-8,000Hz

39
Q

Normal frequency for humans to hear

A

20-20,000 Hz

40
Q

display disproportionately low word recognition in comparison to pure
tones, worst type of HL for word recognition, acoustic neuroma

A

Retrocochlear

41
Q

What allows things to vibrate?

A

Elasticity and inertia

42
Q

dip in audiogram at 2000 Hz due to stapes fixation

A

Carhart’s notch specifically with Bone conduction

43
Q

faking it

A

Pseudohypacusis

44
Q

-10-15 dB HL

A

normal

45
Q

16-25 dB HL

A

slight

46
Q

26-40 dB HL

A

mild

47
Q

56-70 dB HL

A

moderately severe

48
Q

71-90 dB HL

A

severe

49
Q

91+ dB HL

A

Profound

50
Q

Degrees of hearling loss (7)

A 
normal
slight
mild
moderate
moderately severe
severe
profound
51
Q

Hearing loss in which the sound is conducted the middle or inner ear is diminished.

Inner ear, acoustic nerve, auditory center are all working properly.

A

conductive

52
Q

Hearing loss in which damage to the hair cells of the cochlea or to the acoustic nerve prevents the brain from receiving the neural impulses, Permanent

A

sensorineural

53
Q

condition causing fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss

A

Meniere’s

54
Q

Central Auditory Processing Disorder

A
  • -Refers to effectiveness and efficiency with which the central nervous system uses auditory information
  • -Disrupted sound transmission or disrupted ability to take in a message, interpret it, and make it meaningful.
  • -Controversial
  • -Poor auditory discrimination
55
Q

decreases intensity of sound

A

attenuates

56
Q

Types of assessment

A
  • -pure tone
  • -speech auditometry
  • -acoustic immittance
  • -tympanometry
  • -electrocochleography
  • -ABR
57
Q

threshold

A

intensity in which tone is faintly heard 50% of time

58
Q

Assessment:

  • -Determines threshold
  • -Types: Air conduction and Bone conduction
A

Pure tone Testing

59
Q

Assessment:

  • -Measures how well someone understands speech
  • -Speech reception threshold
  • -Spondee words
A

Speech Audiometry

60
Q

Assessment:

  • -Transfer of acoustic energy
  • -Tympanic membrane and middle ear structures off impedance, or resistance to the flow of sound
  • -Admittance is the counterpart of impedance
A

Acoustic Immittance

61
Q

Assessment:

  • -Procedure in which acoustic immittance is measured with an electroacoustic instrument
  • -Measures changes in acoustic energy acoustic reflex is measured and is valuable in detecting middle ear diseases.
A

Tympanometry

62
Q

Tympanomtery Scores

A 
A
As
Ad
C
B
63
Q

Tympanomtery Scores

A

A

normal

64
Q

Tympanomtery Scores

As

A

shallow compliance

suggesting otosclerosis or beginign of an ear infection

65
Q

Tympanomtery Scores

Ad

A

deep compliance

suggesting ossicular disarticulation

66
Q

Tympanomtery Scores

C

A

negative pressure

suggesting eustachian tube dysfunction

67
Q

Tympanomtery Scores

B

A

flat

no pressure or compliance

68
Q

Assessment

  • -measures electrical activity
  • -records electrical activity in auditory nerve, brainstem and cortical areas of the brain.
  • -Used to test newborns
A

ABR

69
Q

Assessment of Infants and Children

A

Newborns: OAE and ABR
Infants: Localization techniques
Children: operant audiometry

70
Q

Air bone gap

A

difference of 10 db or more, indicates conductive loss

71
Q

Types of Amplificatn

A
  • -hearing aids
  • -cochlear implants
  • -tactile aids
  • -assistive devices
72
Q

hearing aids

A
  • -Amplifies sound and delivers it to ear canal

- -Includes microphones, receivers and amplifiers

73
Q

Cochlear Implants

A
  • -Electronic devices surgically placed in cochlear and deliver sound directly to the acoustic nerve endings in cochlea
  • -Contains a microphone, processor, external transmitter and electrode
  • -Used for people with minimal or no hearing, utilizes residual hearing.
74
Q

Tactile Aids

A
  • -Sensory substitution method for those who are deaf

- -Promote comprehension of speech by touch

75
Q

Assistive Devices

A
  • -Safety alerting devices
  • -Closed-captioning
  • -Telecommunication devices
76
Q

Types of communication training for comprehension

A

auditory, speech reading, cued

77
Q

Designed to teach a person with hearing impairments to listen to amplified sounds, recognize their meanings and discriminate sounds from each other

A

Auditory Training

78
Q

Involves deciphering speech by looking at the face of the speaker and using visual cues to understand what the speaker is saying.

A

Speech Reading

79
Q

Cued Speech

A
  • -Produced with manual cues that represent sounds of speech

- -A form of sign language, but composed of only eight signs for consonants and four signs for vowels

80
Q

Oral language training

A

Aural/oral method
Manual Approach
Total Commun.
ASL

81
Q

Nonverbal communication and a language

A

ASL

82
Q

Teaching both verbal and nonverbal approaches

A

Total Commun.

83
Q

Means of nonverbal communication, whether it be signing or fingerspelling

A

manual approach

84
Q

Use of amplification, auditory training, and speech reading in order to be mainstreamed into society.

A

Aural/oral method

85
Q

A person with otosclerosis often has an audiogram reflecting Carhart’s notch. What is
Carhart’s notch?

A

A specific loss at 2,000 Hz, as indicated by bone-conduction testing

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