Acoustics Flashcards
Allophones
variations of phonemes that do not change word meaning but change pronunciation.
Syllable
smallest phonetic unit made up of onset, nucleus and coda.
Onset
initial consonant or cluster
Nucleus
vowel or dipthong in the middle of the syllable
Coda
consonant at the end of the syllable
Suprasegmentals
features of prosody that add meaning
Juncture
the combination of suprasegmentals such as intonation and pausing that mark special distinctions in speech.
Sound waves
movement of particles in a medium containing expands and contractions of molecules
Compression
phase of sound in where movements of an object increase the density of air molecules because the molecules are compressed
Rarefaction
thinning of air molecules
Simple harmonic motion
back and forth movement of particles with the movement is symmetric and periodic aka sine wave
Sinusoidal motion
a single frequency that is symmetrical and the result of a simple harmonic motion
Aperiodic waves
do not repeat at regular intervals
Periodic waves
repeat at regular intervals
Amplitude
magnitude of displacement
Intensity-
the quality of sound that creates a sensation of loudness
Oscillation
back and forth movement of air molecules due to vibrating object
Frequency
number of cycles per second or 1 Hz
Formant frequency
frequency region with concentrated acoustic energy
Fundamental frequency
lowest frequency of a periodic wave
Impedance
acoustic resistance
Speech sounds are classified according to two approaches…..
DFA and P-M-V.
Complex tone
two or more single frequency tones of different frequencies.
Period
amount of time needed for a cycle to be completed.
Pitch
related to frequency
Amplitude-
sound pressure related to loudness
Hearing level
minimum intensity to stimulate the human auditory system
Sound spectrograph-
electronic instrument that graphically records the changing intensity levels of the frequency components in a complex wave creating a spectrogram that displays time, frequency and intensity.
Vowels are described according to frequencies of …..
first 3 formants (F1, F2, F3)
FF of vowels varies with….
their height
High vowels have….
higher FF
F1 vaires mostly as a result of
tongue height
F2 varies as a result of
tongue advancement
Voice onset time=
the time between release of the stop consonant and the beginig of the vowel.
