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MTAP 1 > AUBF (synovial & serous fluids) > Flashcards

AUBF (synovial & serous fluids) Flashcards

1
Q

aka Joint fluid

A

synovial fluid

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2
Q

aka synovial joint

A

diarthroses (freely mobile joint)

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3
Q

synovial fluid is found in

A

diarthroses

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4
Q

synovial fluid is derived from?

A

“synovia”
means EGG WHITE (same viscosity as synovial fluid)

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5
Q

aka joint cavity

A

synovium

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6
Q

a joint cavity that filters blood

A

SYNOVIUM

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7
Q

T/F

Blood is unselectively filtered –plasma goes inside joint cavity, composed of cells called “SYNOVIOCYTES” which produces Hyaluronic Acid

A

T

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8
Q

specifically produces hyaluronic acid that contributes to synovial fluid viscosity

A

synoviocytes (cells of joint cavity)

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9
Q

FUNCTIONS OF SYNOVIAL FLUID

A
  1. Lubricate joints
  2. Reduce friction between bones
  3. Provides nutrients to the articular cartilage
  4. Lessen shock of joint compression occurring during activities (e.g., walking, jogging)
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10
Q

method of spx collection of synovial fluid

A

ARTHROCENTESIS

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11
Q

normal synovial fluid volume

A

<3.5 mL

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12
Q

synovial fluid volume indicating INFLAMMATION

A

> 25 mL

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13
Q

tubes for synovial fluid (in order) and its purpose

A

Na Heparin (STERILE) / SPS - Microbiology
LIQUID EDTA / NA Heparin - hematology
Non-anticoagulated - Chemistry & other tests (serology)
Na Fluoride (antiglycolytic) - Glucose analysis

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14
Q

T/F

Synovial fluid normally clot

A

F

Synovial fluid shouldn’t clot, if clotted then FIBRINOGEN is present - sign of damage or diseased joints

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15
Q

T/F

Powdered EDTA can be used for synovial fluid analysis

A

F

only LIQUID EDTA
Powdered can be mistaken as crystals

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16
Q

NORMAL synovial fluid color

A

colorless to pale yellow

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17
Q

synovial fluid color during INFLAMMATION

A

deeper yellow

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18
Q

synovial fluid color during BACTERIAL INF. (SEPTIC ARTHRITIS)

A

greenish tinge

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19
Q

synovial fluid color during TRAUMATIC TAP or HEMORRHAGIC ARTHRITIS

A

red

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20
Q

used to differentiate red colored synovial fluid due to traumatic tap or hemorrhagic arthritis

A

color
clot formation

*as to the tube order

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21
Q

accidental puncture of peripheral BV during collection of synovial fluid, blood from BV

A

traumatic tap

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22
Q

The blood present from red colored synovial fluid is NOT the blood coming from BV. It is the bleeding inside joint cavities.

A

hemorrhagic arthritis

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23
Q

tube positive for clot formation in traumatic tap

A

microbio tube (tube 1)

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24
Q

differentiate traumatic tap and hemorrhagic arthritis as to color

A

traumatic tap - decreasing red discoloration intensity (dark red, light red, yellowish)

hemorrhagic arthritis - consistent red discoloration (dark red, dark red, dark red)

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25
Q

differentiate traumatic tap and hemorrhagic arthritis as to clot formation

A

traumatic tap - (+, -, -) - blood comes from BV

hemorrhagic arthritis - (-, -, -) - all neg since blood present is NOT the blood coming from BV

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26
Q

normal synovial fluid clarity

A

CLEAR

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27
Q

turbid synovial fluid clarity indicates presence of

A

Leukocytes
Fibrin
Cell debris

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28
Q

Opaque, Oily, Shimmering synovial fluid clarity indicates

A

Radiographic contrast media (RCM)

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29
Q

Milky synovial fluid clarity indicates

A

CRYSTALS presence

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30
Q

Ground Pepper-like inclusions in synovial fluid (clarity) indicates

A

Ochronosis (degenerative bone dse)

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31
Q

aka ground pepper like inclusions

A

ochronotic shards

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32
Q

free floating rice bodies in synovial fluid (clarity) indicates

A

RA
Degenerative synovium (joint cavity) w/ fibrin

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33
Q

normal synovial fluid viscosity as to string formation

A

4-6mm (long)

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34
Q

normal synovial fluid viscosity as to hyaluronic acid level

A

0.3-0.4 g/dL

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35
Q

test for synovial fluid viscosity

A

Ropes/Mucin Clot Test (Hyaluronate Polymerization)

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36
Q

reagent used in Ropes/Mucin Clot Test (Hyaluronate Polymerization)

A

2-5% HAc

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37
Q

principle of Ropes/Mucin Clot Test (Hyaluronate Polymerization)

A

2-5% HAc polymerize Hya. Ad. – forms a CLOT = POSITIVE RXN

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38
Q

reporting of Ropes/Mucin Clot Test (Hyaluronate Polymerization)

A

Good, Fair, Low, Poor

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39
Q

reporting if mucin clot test result is SOLID CLOT

A

Good

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40
Q

reporting if mucin clot test result is SOFT CLOT

A

Fair

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41
Q

reporting if mucin clot test result is FRIABLE CLOT

A

Low

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42
Q

reporting if mucin clot test result is NO CLOT

A

Poor

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43
Q

T/F

Hemacytometry is also done in synovial fluid

A

T

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44
Q

Diluting Fluids used for synovial fluid cell ct.

A

NSS with Methylene Blue
Hypotonic Saline (0.3%)
Saline with Saponin

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45
Q

Specifically recommended for WBC ct. of synovial fluid due to the ability to lyse RBCs

A

Hypotonic Saline (0.3%)
Saline with Saponin

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46
Q

Specifically recommended for RBC ct. of synovial fluid

A

NSS with Methylene Blue

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47
Q

What must NOT used for synovial fluid cell counting?

A

ACETIC ACID as it POLYMERIZES hyaluronic acid causing it to CLOT

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48
Q

remedy for VERY VISCOUS synovial fluid

A

pinch of hyaluronidase + 0.5mL SF

or

1 drop of 0.05% hyaluronidase in phosphate buffer per mL of SF

–> incubate at 37C for 5min

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49
Q

RBC count of normal synovial fluid

A

<2,000 /uL

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50
Q

WBC count of normal synovial fluid

A

<200 /uL

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51
Q

Most abundant WBC in synovial fluid

A

monocytes/macrophage

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52
Q

Monocytes/macrophage count of normal synovial fluid

A

65% (most abundant)

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53
Q

Neutrophil count of normal synovial fluid

A

<25%

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54
Q

Lymphocyte count of normal synovial fluid

A

<15%

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55
Q

CELLS AND INCLUSIONS SEEN IN SYNOVIAL FLUID

A

Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Macrophage (Monocytes)
Synovial Lining Cell
LE cells
Reiter Cells
RA cells (ragocytes)
Cartilage Cells
Rice bodies
Fat droplets
Hemosiderin

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56
Q

PMN WBCs

A

Neutrophils

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57
Q

Significance of NEUTROPHIL presence in synovial fluid

A

Bacterial sepsis (septic arthritis)
Crystal-induced inflammation

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58
Q

MN WBCs

A

Lymphocytes

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59
Q

Significance of LYMPHOCYTES presence in synovial fluid

A

Non-septic inflammation

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60
Q

Large MN WBCs may be vacuolated

A

Macrophage (Monocytes)

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61
Q

Significance of MACROPHAGE/MONOCYTES presence in synovial fluid

A

NORMAL
if elevated: viral infection

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62
Q

NORMAL cells seen in synovial fluid

A

Macrophage (Monocytes)
Synovial lining cells

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63
Q

Like macrophage but may be multinucleated resembling a mesothelial cell

A

Synovial Lining Cell

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64
Q

Significance of SYNOVIAL LINING CELLS in synovial fluid

A

NORMAL!!

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65
Q

Neutrophil containing characteristic ingested “round body”

A

LE cells

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66
Q

Significance of LE CELLS in synovial fluid

A

Lupus erythematosus

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67
Q

Vacuolated macrophage with ingested neutrophil

A

REITER CELLS

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68
Q

Significance of REITER CELLS in synovial fluid

A

Reiter syndrome
Non-specific inflammation

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69
Q

Neutrophil w/ dark cytoplasmic granules
containing immune complexes

A

RA cells (ragocytes)

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70
Q

Significance of RA CELLS (RAGOCYTES) presence in synovial fluid

A

RA
Immunologic inflammation

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71
Q

Large, multinucleated cells abnormally seen in synovial fluid

A

Cartilage Cells

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72
Q

Significance of CARTILAGE CELLS in synovial fluid

A

osteoarthritis

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73
Q

Macroscopically resemble polished rice
Microscopically show collagen & fibrin

A

Rice bodies

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74
Q

Significance of RICE BODIES in synovial fluid

A

TB
Septic arthritis
RA

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75
Q

Refractile intracellular & extracellular globules
Stained with SUDAN DYES

A

Fat droplets

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76
Q

Significance of FAT DROPLETS in synovial fluid

A

Traumatic injury
Chronic inflammation

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77
Q

Inclusions within clusters of synovial cells

A

Hemosiderin

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78
Q

Significance of HEMOSIDERIN in synovial fluid

A

Pigmented villonodular synovitis

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79
Q

needle-shaped crystals abnormally found in synovial fluid

A

Monosodium Urate (MSU)

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80
Q

Rhombic square & rods crystals abnormally found in synovial fluid

A

Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD)

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80
Q

Notched, rhombic plate crystals abnormally found in synovial fluid

A

Cholesterol

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81
Q

Flat, variable-shaped plate crystals abnormally found in synovial fluid

A

Corticosteroid

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82
Q

Envelope-shaped crystals abnormally found in synovial fluid

A

Calcium Oxalate

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83
Q

Small crystals abnormally found in synovial fluid; requires EM for visualization

A

Hydroxyapatite /Apatite
(calcium phosphate)

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84
Q

significance of Monosodium Urate presence in synovial fluid

A

Gout (inc. UA)

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85
Q

significance of Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate presence in synovial fluid

A

Pseudogout – degenerative arthritis

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86
Q

significance of Cholesterol presence in synovial fluid

A

Extracellular (NOT FROM SYNOVIAL FLUID)

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87
Q

significance of Corticosteroid presence in synovial fluid

A

Injections

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88
Q

significance of Calcium Oxalate presence in synovial fluid

A

Renal dialysis

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89
Q

significance of Hydroxyapatite presence in synovial fluid

A

Osteoarthritis
Calcified cartilage degeneration

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90
Q

only crystal abnormally found in synovial fluid with NO BIREFRINGENCE? why?

A

Hydroxyapatite / Apatite (calcium phosphate)

-> not visible under polarizing microscope
-> requires EM since these are small particles

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91
Q

uses RED compensator, used to confirm or determine the type of birefringence

A

COMPENSATED POLARIZING MICROSCOPE

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92
Q

used if we want to detect if there’s presence or absence of birefringence

A

POLARIZING MICROSCOPE

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93
Q

only crystal abnormally found in synovial fluid with POSITIVE BIREFRINGENCE

A

Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD)

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94
Q

crystals abnormally found in synovial fluid with NEGATIVE BIREFRINGENCE

A

Monosodium Urate
Cholesterol
Calcium Oxalate
Corticosteroid (may also be POSITIVE)

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95
Q

only crystal abnormally found in synovial fluid with VARIABLE BIREFRINGENCE

A

Corticosteroid

due to shape (flat, variable-shaped plates)

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96
Q

relationship between the velocity of light from the microscope & the arrangement of crystal molecules

A

Birefringence

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97
Q

Arrangement of crystal molecules is PARALLEL to the velocity of light? What is the color?

A

POSITIVE BIREFRINGENCE (+)
yellow

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98
Q

Arrangement of crystal molecules is PERPENDICULAR to the velocity of light? What is the color?

A

NEGATIVE BIREFRINGENCE (-)
blue

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99
Q

used for chem exam of synovial fluid

A

GULP

Glu
Uric Acid
Lactate
Protein

100
Q

Most frequently tested in chemistry test for synovial fluid

A

Glucose

101
Q

formula for glucose analysis of synovial fluid? what is the normal value?

A

Blood glucose – SF Glucose = <10 mg/dL (NORMAL)

102
Q

indication of increased lactate in synovial fluid (normal: <250 mg/dL)

A

infection

103
Q

indication of increased protein in synovial fluid (normal: <3 g/dL)

A

inflammatory & hemorrhagic disorders

104
Q

indication of increased UA in synovial fluid (normal: same as blood UA & serum UA = 6-24 mg/dL)

A

gout

105
Q

T/F

Difference of blood GLU from synovial fluid GLU (SFG) is INCREASED if SFG is DECREASED during infections (since GLU is utilized)

A

T

Check the 2nd example:
99 mg/dL (FBS) - 90 mg/dL (SFG) = 9 mg/dL (Normal)
99 mg/dL (FBS) - 40 mg/dL (SFG) = 59 mg/dL (TOO HIGH)

106
Q

Common organisms that infect synovial fluid

A

S. aureus - most abundant
Strep
Haemophilus
N. gonorrheae

107
Q

presence of N. gonorrheae in synovial fluid indicates

A

gonococcal arthritis

108
Q

sero test for synovial fluid

A

Autoantibody detection (SLE, RA) - ANA, Rf
Serologic Tests for lyme disease - frequent complication: arthritis, caused by Borrelia burgdorferi

109
Q

Types of arthritis

A

I - Non-inflammatory
IIa - Inflammatory (Immunologic)
IIb - Inflammatory (crystal-induced)
III - Septic
IV - Hemorrhagic

110
Q

Significance of type I non-inflammatory

A

Degenerative joint disorder
(osteoarthritis)

111
Q

SF Color & clarity of type I non-inflammatory

A

Clear, yellow fluid

112
Q

SF Viscosity of type I non-inflammatory

A

Good

113
Q

WBC ct. of type I non-inflammatory

A

<1,000/uL

114
Q

Neutrophil ct. of type I non-inflammatory

A

<30%

115
Q

Glucose of type I non-inflammatory

A

NORMAL

116
Q

Significance of type IIa inflammatory (immunologic)

A

Immunologic disorders (RA, SLE, etc)

117
Q

SF Color and intensity of type IIa inflammatory (immunologic)

A

Cloudy, yellow fluid

118
Q

SF viscosity of type IIa inflammatory (immunologic)

A

Poor

119
Q

WBC ct. of type IIa inflammatory (immunologic)

A

2,000 – 75,000/uL

120
Q

Neutrophil ct. of type IIa inflammatory (immunologic)

A

> 50%

121
Q

Glu of type IIa inflammatory (immunologic)

A

Decreased

122
Q

Other testing for type IIa inflammatory (immunologic)

A

Sero test for AUTOANTIBODIES

123
Q

Significance of type IIb inflammatory (crystal-induced)

A

Gout - MSU
pseudogout - CPPD

124
Q

SF color and clarity of type IIb inflammatory (crystal-induced)

A

Cloudy or milky fluid

125
Q

SF viscosity of type IIb inflammatory (crystal-induced)

A

Low

126
Q

WBC ct. of type IIb inflammatory (crystal-induced)

A

Up to 100,000/uL

127
Q

Neutrophil ct. of type IIb inflammatory (crystal-induced)

A

<70%

128
Q

Glu of type IIb inflammatory (crystal-induced)

A

Decreased

129
Q

Other tests/indication for presence of type IIb inflammatory (crystal-induced)

A

(+) crystals

130
Q

Significance of type III septic

A

Microbial infection

131
Q

SF color and intensity of type III septic

A

Cloudy, green fluid

132
Q

SF viscosity of type III septic

A

Variable

133
Q

WBC ct. of type III septic

A

50,000 – 100,000/uL

134
Q

Neutrophil ct. of type III septic

A

> 75% (highest among other types)

135
Q

Glu of type III septic

A

Decreased (highly increased lactate)

136
Q

other tests for confirming type III septic

A

(+) gram stain
(+) culture

137
Q

Significance of type IV hemorrhagic

A

Traumatic injury
Coagulation deficiencies

138
Q

SF color and intensity of type IV hemorrhagic

A

Cloudy, red fluid

139
Q

SF viscosity of type IV hemorrhagic

A

Low

140
Q

WBC ct. and neutrophils of type IV hemorrhagic

A

Equal to blood

141
Q

Glu of type IV hemorrhagic

A

Normal

142
Q

Other tests to identify type IV hemorrhagic

A

(+) RBCs

143
Q

type of arthritis with NORMAL GLUCOSE

A

type I (non-inflammatory)
type IV (hemorrhagic)

144
Q

SF clarity for all of the following is CLOUDY, except:

a. type I
b. type IIa and b
c. type III
d. type IV

A

a. type I - clear SF

145
Q

Ultra filtrate of plasma, provides lubrication between two membrane (parietal & visceral)

A

SEROUS FLUID

146
Q

Fluid between parietal and visceral membranes (only filter blood, doesn’t produce additional substance like synovium)

A

SEROUS FLUID

147
Q

3 types of serous fluid and its location

A

Pleural fluid – lungs
Pericardial fluid – heart <3
Peritoneal fluid – abdominal area

148
Q

accumulation of excess fluid between the membranes

A

effusion

149
Q

types of serous effusion

A

transudate
exudate

150
Q

transudate is caused by

A

Systemic Condition

151
Q

exudate is caused by

A

Membrane Damage

152
Q

All serous fluids are affected

A

Transudate

153
Q

Only one serous fluid affected,
specific membrane only

A

Exudate

154
Q

causes of TRANSUDATE presence

A

Hypoproteinemia
Congestive heart failure
Nephrotic syndrome
Cirrhosis
Malnutrition

155
Q

causes of EXUDATE presence

A

Infection (e.g., pneumonia, TB, endocarditis)
Inflammation
Malignancy (e.g., adenoma)

156
Q

differentiates exudates (+) from transudates (-)

A

RIVALTA’S TEST – SEROSAMUCIN CLOT TEST

157
Q

how is RIVALTA’S TEST – SEROSAMUCIN CLOT TEST performed? what is the result?

A

HAc + WATER + Unknown Fluid (effusion)

(+) heavy precipitation = exudates

158
Q

most reliable tests to differentiate transudates & exudates

A

Fluid: Serum Protein Ratio
Fluid: Serum LD Ratio

159
Q

what must be done for pH testing of serous fluid?

A

stored during transport ANAEROBICALLY in ice

160
Q

method of collection of pleural fluid

A

Thoracentesis

161
Q

method of collection of pericardial fluid

A

Pericardiocentesis

162
Q

method of collection of peritoneal fluid

A

Paracentesis

163
Q

tubes for serous fluids (in order) and purpose of each

A

EDTA - Cell / Diff count
Sterile Heparin Tube - Microbiology / Cytology
Heparin Tube - Chemistry
Plain Tube - Clotting test (for spontaneous clotting = (+) exudate)

164
Q

normal volume of pleural fluid

A

<30 mL

165
Q

Significance of clear, yellow pleural fluid

A

NORMAL!!

166
Q

Significance of turbid, white pleural fluid

A

microbial inf

167
Q

Significance of brown (anchovy sauce-like) pleural fluid

A

Ruptured amoebic abscess – extraintestinal amoebiasis (Entamoeba histolytica)

168
Q

Significance of black pleural fluid

A

Aspergillosis

169
Q

Significance of viscous pleural fluid

A

Malignant mesothelioma – produces Hya. Ad

170
Q

Significance of milky pleural fluid

A

Chylous material
Pseudochylous material

*differentiated

171
Q

Significance of bloody pleural fluid

A

Hemothorax
Hemorrhagic effusion

*differentiated

172
Q

with INCREASED TAG causing milky pleural fluid

A

Chylous effusion

173
Q

with INCREASED CHOLE causing milky pleural fluid

A

Pseudochylous effusion

174
Q

cause of chylous effusion

A

Thoracic duct leakage

175
Q

appearance of chylous effusion

A

Milky / white

175
Q

cause of pseudochylous effusion

A

Chronic inflammation / infection

176
Q

appearance of pseudochylous effusion

A

Milky / green tinge / “gold paint”

green & gold paint - from infection

177
Q

leukocytes found in chylous effusion

A

lymphocytes

*lymphatic duct is both rich in lymphocytes and chylomicrons (increases conc. of TAG)

178
Q

leukocytes found in pseudochylous effusion

A

mixed cells

179
Q

cholesterol crystal presence/absence in chylous effusion

A

ABSENT

180
Q

cholesterol crystal presence/absence in pseudochylous effusion

A

PRESENT

181
Q

TAG value in chylous effusion

A

> 100 mg/dL

182
Q

TAG value in pseudochylous effusion

A

<50 mg/dL

183
Q

Sudan III staining result in chylous effusion

A

+

SUDAN III - mainly for TAG staining

184
Q

Sudan III staining result in pseudochylous effusion

A
  • or weakly +
185
Q

blood distribution in HEMOTHORAX

A

Uneven
N PF + Blood

186
Q

blood distribution in HEMORRHAGIC EFFUSION

A

Even
inc. PF + Blood

187
Q

similar with traumatic tap, presence of blood in pleural fluid due to injury)

A

hemothorax

188
Q

bleeding in pleural cavity due to membrane defect

A

hemorrhagic effusion

189
Q

used to differentiate bloody pleural fluid (hemothorax and hemorrhagic effusion)

A

hematocrit

190
Q

pleural fluid HCT indicating hemothorax

A

PF Hct is ≥1/2 of WB Hct

191
Q

pleural fluid HCT indicating hemorrhagic effusion

A

PF Hct is <1/2 of WB Hct

192
Q

Abnormal pleural fluid cells

A

Neutrophil
Lymphocyte
Mesothelial cells
Plasma cells
Malignant cells
Eosinophil

193
Q

Significance of neutrophil presence in pleural fluid

A

Pneumonia
Pulmonary infarction
Pancreatitis

194
Q

Significance of lymphocyte presence in pleural fluid

A

TB
viral infections
autoimmune disorders
malignancy

195
Q

Significance of Mesothelial cells presence in pleural fluid

A

NORMAL (regardless of the form - normal/reactive)
DECREASED: TB

196
Q

lines the serous membrane lining/cavity

A

mesothelial cells

197
Q

Significance of plasma cells presence in pleural fluid

A

TB

198
Q

Significance of MALIGNANT cells presence in pleural fluid

A

Primary adenocarcinoma
small cell carcinoma
metastatic carcinoma

199
Q

Significance of eosinophil presence in pleural fluid

A

if >10% - trauma resulting from presence of air/blood in PF sample, allergy/parasitic infection

200
Q

TUMOR MARKERS FOR EFFUSIONS OF MALIGNANT ORIGIN FOR PLEURAL FLUID

A

CEA
CA 125
CA 15-3, CA 549
CYFRA 21-1

201
Q

significance of CEA in effusions

A

colon cancer

202
Q

significance of CA 125 in effusions

A

metastatic uterine cancer

203
Q

significance of CA 15-3, CA, 549 in effusions

A

breast cancer

204
Q

significance of CYFRA 21-1 in effusions

A

lung cancer

205
Q

concentric striations of collagen-like material found in peritoneal fluid seen in benign conditions

A

PSAMMOMA BODIES

206
Q

PSAMMOMA BODIES is associated with conditions such as

A

ovarian malignancies
thyroid malignancies

207
Q

chem test for pleural fluid

A

Glucose
Lactate
TAG
pH
Adenosine deaminase
Amylase

208
Q

significance of decreased GLU in pleural fluid

A

rheumatoid inflammation
TB
purulent infection

209
Q

significance of increased LACTATE in pleural fluid

A

bacterial infection

210
Q

significance of increased TAG in pleural fluid

A

chylous effusion

211
Q

significance of decreased pH in pleural fluid

A

pneumonia not responding to antibiotics

complicated parapneumonic effusion (assoc. with empyema)

esophageal rupture

212
Q

extremely low pH of pleural fluid is associated with? what is the pH?

A

Esophageal rupture (pH 6.0)

213
Q

significance of adenosine deaminase in pleural fluid

A

Malignancy
Tubercular effusion

214
Q

significance of amylase in pleural fluid

A

Esophageal rupture
malignancy
pancreatitis (increased)

215
Q

chem test indicating esophageal rupture using pleural fluid

A

pH 6.0
amylase

216
Q

common bacteria causing Pleural Effusion

A

S. aureus
Enterobacteriaceae
M. tuberculosis
Anaerobic bacteria

217
Q

normal volume of pericardial fluid

A

<50 mL

218
Q

normal color of pericardial fluid

A

Clear, pale yellow

219
Q

color of pericardial fluid in presence of TRANSUDATE

A

Clear, pale yellow (similar to NORMAL)

220
Q

color of pericardial fluid during infection, malignancy

A

Blood-streaked

221
Q

color of pericardial fluid during cardiac puncture, anticoagulant medication

A

Grossly bloody

222
Q

inc. neutrophil in pericardial fluid indicates

A

bacterial endocarditis

223
Q

malignant cells in pericardial fluid indicates

A

Metastatic carcinoma

224
Q

tests for pericardial fluid

A

glucose
gram stain and culture
acid fast stain
adenosine deaminase

225
Q

decreased GLU in pericardial fluid indicates

A

Bacterial infection
Malignancies

226
Q

+ gram stain and culture using pericardial fluid indicates? what are the common agents causing pericardial effusion?

A

Bacterial endocarditis

haemophilus, adenovirus, coxsakievirus, strep, staph (HACSS)

227
Q

tests used to identify TUBERCULAR EFFUSION

A

Acid-fast Stain
Adenosine deaminase

228
Q

aka peritoneal fluid

A

ASCITIC FLUID

ascitis - effusion in peritoneal cavity

229
Q

normal vol. of peritoneal fluid

A

<100 mL

(highest vol among other fluids; abdominal area is larger than cardiac and lungs)

230
Q

normal peritoneal fluid color

A

clear, pale yellow

231
Q

peritoneal fluid color in microbial inf.

A

turbid

232
Q

peritoneal fluid color in gall bladder and pancreatic disorder

A

green

233
Q

peritoneal fluid color in trauma, inf, malignancy

A

blood-streaked

234
Q

peritoneal fluid color in lymphatic trauma and leakage

A

milky

235
Q

normal WBC count in peritoneal fluid

A

<500/uL

236
Q

abnormal WBC count in peritoneal fluid indicating bacterial peritonitis and cirrhosis

A

> 500/uL

237
Q

inc. neutrophils in peritoneal fluid indicates

A

Bacterial peritonitis

238
Q

test used to indicate blunt trauma injury using peritoneal fluid? what is the value?

A

peritoneal lavage
>100,000 RBC/uL

239
Q

CEA in peritoneal fluid indicates

A

malignancy GI in origin

240
Q

CA 125 in peritoneal fluid indicates

A

malignancy ovarian in origin

241
Q

decreased GLU in peritoneal fluid indicates

A

Tubercular peritonitis
malignancy

242
Q

increased AMY in peritoneal fluid indicates

A

Pancreatitis

243
Q

increased Alkaline phosphatase in peritoneal fluid indicates

A

GI perforation

244
Q

alkaline phosphatase test result using peritoneal fluid during GI perforation

A

INCREASED ALP

245
Q

BUN/CREATININE in peritoneal fluid indicates

A

Ruptured / punctured bladder

246
Q

+ gram stain & culture in peritoneal fluid indicates

A

Bacterial peritonitis

247
Q

tests used to identify TUBERCULAR PERITONITIS

A

Acid-fast Stain
Adenosine deaminase
dec. Glu

MTAP 1 (13 decks)

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