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Psychology Exam > Attention > Flashcards

Attention Flashcards

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1
Q

what is attention

A

ability to focus on information derived either for external or internal sources (Moran, 2016)

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2
Q

concentration

A

attentional process that involves ability to focus on. the task at hand, ignoring distractions (Moran, 2012)

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3
Q

what leads to optimal concentration and performance in comps *Vast, 2010)

A

maintaining or quickly regaining has-relevent focus and automatic movements

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4
Q

performers must be able to..(Williams, 1999)

A

identify most info rich areas & direct attention appropriately

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5
Q

info system has … capacity

A

limited

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6
Q

needs to screen out…. and focus on… (Smith, 1996)

A

debilitative attending to facilitative cues

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7
Q

Lazarus, 2000- suggested …. can effect ……

A

emotions can influence attention & concentration

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8
Q

Anderson, 2005- suggested that it is important to consider….

A

+ and - and intensity of emotion

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9
Q

processing critical info, self-regulating stress are associated with comp are integral too…. (willliams, 2002)

A

successful coordination

execution of self-paced aiming movement

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10
Q

influence of anxiety on performance are assumed to relate to alterations in….

A

Attentional mechanisms

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11
Q

when attentional mechanisms are disrupted, what would change

A

task-irrelevent info focused on missing task-relevant

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12
Q

why might attention be useful to performance

A

direct movement away from threats

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13
Q

direct movement away from threats encourages athletes too… (and who said)

A

engage in behaviour to avoid failure (increased effort?) (Carver, 2001)

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14
Q

high SE & ….. anxiety/arousal= …. to attention & performance

A

low annuity/attention to facilitate attention & performance (Eynseck, 1992)

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15
Q

who suggested attentional narrowing

A

Boucher, 2002

Eysenck, 1992

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16
Q

anxiety can lead to…. attentional…. & ….. (said who)

A

negative attentional bias & hyper vigilance (Hansen & Hansen, 1994)

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17
Q

info processing is effected with anxiety (T or F) if so how and who said

A

true- extensive & prolonger- worry (Anderson, 2005)

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18
Q

WMC, why is it effected? who said?

A

orientation internally (thoughts) (Matthew & wells, 1999) this consumes WMC directing attention to task-irrelevant

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19
Q

Matthew & Wells suggested anxiety effects attention by..

A

reinvestment- actively control movements= detrimental to performance

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20
Q

who made the CUT theory & what does it stand for

A

cue utilisation theory

Easterbrook, 1959

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21
Q

CPH, who’s theory

A

conscious processing hypothesis

Masters, 1992

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22
Q

PET, who’s theory

A

processing efficiency theory, Eysenck & Calvo, 1992

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23
Q

ACT, who’s theory

A

attentional control theory, Eysenck & Calvo, 2007

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24
Q

what does the PET do?

A

explanation of the effects of state anxiety on performance

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25
Q

(PET) states that worry has 2 main effects- what are they?

A

1) reduction of WMC (storage and processing)

2) increment in on-task effort

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26
Q

crucial distinction between.. (PET) is shown

A

performance effectiveness and processing efficacy

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27
Q

anxiety characteristically impairs… more than….

A

efficiency more than effectiveness

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28
Q

what are PET limitations

A

1) no assumptions concerning effects of distracting stimuli on anxious
2) PET exclusive to cog tasks involving neural/ non-emotional stimuli
3) doesn’t consider anxious individual out perfuming non-anxious
4) notion of anxiety impairing processing efficiency of central executive=imprecise as fails to specify which central executive fuctions most effected

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29
Q

ACT has how many hypothesis?

A

Four

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30
Q

(ACT) what is hypo 1-

A

anxiety impairs efficacy of central executive (attention-like)= limiting WMC

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31
Q

(ACT) what is hypo 2-

A

anxiety impairs inhibition function

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32
Q

inhibition function is key to function of the…

A

central executive

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33
Q

(ACT) what is hypo 3-

A

anxiety impairs shifting function

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34
Q

shifting function is key to function of the..

A

central executive

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35
Q

(ACT) what is hypo 4-

A

anxiety impairs processing efficiency more than effectiveness

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36
Q

(ACT)- anxiety increases allocation of attention ton

A

attention to threat-related stimuli

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37
Q

(ACT)- the effects of anxiety should be ….. when anxiety levels are especially….

A

greater

high

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38
Q

who suggested two attentional systems?

A

Corbetta, 2002

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39
Q

what are the two attentional systems

A

exogenous (reflexive bottom up)

Endogenous (cortical, top-down)

40
Q

what is exogenous (reflexive bottom up)

A

conscious awareness not required, imperative

41
Q

what is Endogenous (cortical, top-down)

A

match on-going needs;

  • monitor/maintain goal directed activities
  • deactivate inappropriate tasks
  • prepare activation of relevant tasks
  • on-going effective signals (role on ACC)
42
Q

what does ACC stand for

A

anterior cingulate cortex

43
Q

anxiety impairs efficient functioning of..

A

gola-directed (top-down) attentional system

44
Q

anxiety increases extent that processing is effected by….

A

stimulus driven (bottom-up) attentional systems

45
Q

how does anxiety effect stimulus driven (bottom up) attentional system?

A

automatic processing of threat-related stimulus

46
Q

automatic processing of threat-related stimulus decreases..

A

influence of goal-directed (top-down) attentional stimulus.

47
Q

is goal-directed top-down or bottom-up attentional system

A

top-down

48
Q

is stimulus-drive top-down or bottom-up attentional system

A

bottom-up

49
Q

what is the effect of reducing goal-directed attentional processing…

A

processes are affected by salient stimuli

50
Q

adverse effects of anxiety on processing efficiency depend on two central executive functions….

A

inhibition and shifting

51
Q

inhibition is

A

ability to deliberately inhibit dominant, automatic responses when necessary

52
Q

how does INHIBITION happen

A

attentional control to resist disruption or interference from task-irrelevant responses

53
Q

what is shifting

A

shifting back & firth between multiple tasks, operations of mental sets

54
Q

how does SHIFTING occur?

A

adaptive changes in attentional control based on task demands

55
Q

who suggested what shifting & inhibition was?

A

Miyake, 2000

56
Q

anxiety may not impair performance effectiveness when it leads too..

A

Use of compensatory strategies (enhanced effort; increased processing resources)

57
Q

what ACT hypothesis did Wilson, Vine & Wood (2009): test?

A

hypothesis 3- shifting function is effected by anxiety

58
Q

what did Wilson, Vine & Wood (2009): do?

A

10 participants. free throws, 2 counterbalanced trails to manipulate anxiety

59
Q

what did Wilson, Vine & Wood (2009): find?

A

anxiety resulted in significant reduction in duration of QE & free throw success

60
Q

what did Wilson, Vine & Wood (2009): regarding attentional control

A

anxiety impaired goal directed AC (QE periods) to expense of stimulus–driven (more fixations of shorter duration)

61
Q

what does stimulus driven control do to QE

A

more fixations of a shorter duration on various targets

62
Q

Henderson, 2003- suggested that under certain conditions a shift in … is invariably preceded by a …. in ….

A

1) gaze
2) shift
3) attention

63
Q

gaze behaviour tendencies are reliably altered when performers are… (who)

A

anxious (Janelle, 2002)

64
Q

when performers are anxious this leads to. *Search strategies (said who)

A

inefficient and ineffective search strategies (Janelle, 2002)

65
Q

What are the primary gas characteristics that appear to be responsible for performance fluctuations

A

inefficiency of visual search

time needed to orientate and control visual gaze

66
Q

what is inefficiency of visual search

A

search rates increases and fixations towards irrelevant cues

67
Q

time needed to orientate and control visual gaze

A

QE periods

68
Q

who suggested the two primary gaze characteristics

A

Janelle & Hatfield, 2008

69
Q

anxiety is thought to promote … (attention related)

A

attentional narrowing (Eysenck, 1992)

70
Q

…. is compromised when anxious ?

A

efficiency

71
Q

what is QE?

A

final fixations within 3deg for minimum of 100ms

72
Q

QE onset

A

occurs prior to the final movement in the task

73
Q

QE offset

A

when gaze deviated off 3deg for more than 100ms

74
Q

QE of elite performers is significantly .. than non-elite (who said)

A

longer (Raab, 2009)

75
Q

those who constantly achieve high performance levels have learned to (QE related)- (WHO)

A

fixate/track critical info for longer durations, irrespective of conditions (Raab, 2009)

76
Q

the neural mechanisms of QE is yet to be fully understood? (t or F)

A

True

77
Q

what is QE proposed to reflect (Janelle, 2000)

A

critical period of cog processing

78
Q

in QE’s critical period of cog processing what happens

A

movements (force, directed & velocity are fine tuned & programmed (Janelle, 2000)

79
Q

longer QE periods allow… (WHO)

A

extended duration of response programming (Vickers, 1996)

80
Q

longer QE can..

A

minimise distracting from other environmental cues (Vickers, 1996)

81
Q

longer QE shows a prominent use off

A

top-down system (goal-directed)

82
Q

QE is affected by …. levels of …. & ….

A

high levels of performance pressure & anxiety

83
Q

who suggested QE is affected by performance pressure and anxiety

A

Vickers & Williams 2007

84
Q

QE period may be considered as being indicative off…

A

efficiency of visual orientation & sensitive to manipulations of threat

85
Q

shorter QE is characterised as

A

less efficient visual orientation

86
Q

optimal QE periods during stressful situations…

A

are likely to be reduced as performer adopts a less efficient strategy= poorer performance

87
Q

Wilson (2009) suggested that if an individual can be actively…. to maintain longer …. when experiencing …….. ……. the …. effects of ….. on performance may be …..

A 
trained 
longer QE durations 
elevated anxiety 
negative effects
attenuated
88
Q

in PET & ACT anxiety has been shown to ….

A

reduce efficiency of gaze behaviour in motor tasks involving visual search & detection & aiming tasks

89
Q

who suggested that in PET & ACT anxiety … reduce efficiency of gaze behaviour in motor tasks involving visual search & detection & aiming tasks

A

Wilson et al, 2009

90
Q

what did vickers & Williams 2007 suggest helped insulate athletes from normal debilitating effects of anxiety..

A

allocating attention externally to critical task info

91
Q

what was the aim of Behan & Wilsons (2008) study?

A

examine how individuals control their gaze behaviour during far aiming task & if perceptions was disputed with anxiety

92
Q

Behan & Wilsons (2008) study- methods ?

A

20 participants, stimulated archery task

93
Q

Behan & Wilsons (2008) study- results ?

A

accuracy was effected by duration of QE

94
Q

Behan & Wilsons (2008) study- methods ? longer QE was associate with

A

better performance

95
Q

Behan & Wilsons (2008) study- conclusion?

A

QE is sensitive to increased anxiety & many be useful index of efficiency of visual orientation in aiming tasks

Psychology Exam (5 decks)

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