Attatchment

Question 1

what are the four stages of attatchment

Answer 1

1. asocial
2. indiscriminate
3. specific
4. multiple

Question 2

what is the asocial attachment phase

Answer 2

little observable social behaviour

Question 3

what is the indiscriminate attachment phase

Answer 3

more observable attachment behaviours. accept cuddles from adults

Question 4

what is the specific attatchment phase?

Answer 4

stranger anxiety and separation anxiety in regards to one specific adult

Question 5

what is the multiple attachment stage

Answer 5

attachment behavior directed towards more than one adult

Question 6

Name 2 evaluation points of the stages of attachment

Answer 6

1. measuring attachments- just because child protests when adult leaves doesn’t mean attachment
2. multiple attatchments may appear first

Question 7

what is shaffers and emersons research?

Answer 7

mothers of 60 Glasgow babies respond monthly on separation anxiety.

most babies showed attachment to a primary caregiver by 32 weeks and develop multiple attachments soon after

Question 8

What are 2 evaluation points of shaffers and emersons study

Answer 8

• good external validity- observations in natural environment
• longitudinal design- participants observed at each age

Question 9

define reciprocity

Answer 9

mothers respond to instant alertness. 3 months close attention between mum and infant

Question 10

define interactional synchrony

Answer 10

interactions become co-ordinated. baby and mother in sync

Question 11

what was Van Ijendoorns study

Answer 11

• meta analysis for 8 countries
• in total 1990 mother infant pairs from 32 different studies were used
• use research from the ssp studies from 8 countries
• he compared attatchment types in 8 countrys
• discovered more variation within countries than between,

Question 12

whats the conclusion from Van Ijzendoorn’s study

Answer 12

• appears attachment is innate and universal and secure attachment is the norm
• cultural practices affect roles of attachment types

Question 13

describe ainsworths study

Answer 13

• 7 stage controlled observation
• assesed the proximity setting
• assessed stranger and separation anxiety and response to reunion
• found that infants showed consistent patterns of behaviour

Question 14

what are the three types of attachment

Answer 14

• secure
• avoidant
• resistant

Question 15

what is secure attachment

Answer 15

enthusiastic greeting, generally content

Question 16

what is avoidant attachment

Answer 16

avoids reunion, generally reduced responses

Question 17

what is resistant attachment

Answer 17

resists reunion, generally more distressed

Question 18

what are 2 evaluation points of ainsworths study

Answer 18

• good reliability: different types of observers agree 90% of the time on children’s attachment types
• culture bond- attachment behavior may have different meanings in different cultures

Question 19

desribe lorenz’s reserach

Answer 19

• goslings saw lorenz when they hatched

- newly hatched chicks attached to the first moving object they see

Question 20

what is sexual imprinting

Answer 20

adult birds try to mate with whatever species or object they imprint

Question 21

give 2 evaluation points of lorenzs research

Answer 21

• generalisability- birds and mammals may have different attachment systems so may not be relevant to humans
• some observations questioned- birds imprinting on other gloves did later prefer their own species

Question 22

Describe harlows research

Answer 22

• raised infant monkeys in isolation with 2 surrogate mothers - cloth and wire
• infant monkeys were observed to see which of the 2 surrogates they spent the most time with and which they used as a safe base when deliberately frightened
• surrogates physiologically equal- infants drank same amount of milk
• surrogates not psychologically equal- infants preffered cloth mother, when exposed to stressful situation, infants used cloth surrogate and safe base
• monkeys raised in isolation grew up to to be unable to form social relationships with others

Question 23

WHAT WERE THE CONCLUSIONS OF HARLOWS RESEARCH

Answer 23

• attachment not based on food as predicted by learning approach
• Harlow’s findings support evolutionary theory of attachment, sense of comfort and security provided by the caregiver that is important rather than the provision of food

Question 24

Give 2 evaluation points on harlows study

Answer 24

Theoretical value- demonstated that attachemnt depend more on contact than feeding
Ethical issues- suffering of the monkeys would be human life

Question 25

what is operant conditioning

Answer 25

this is where crying behaviour reinforced positively for infants and negatively for caregiver

Question 26

what is classical conditioning

Answer 26

Caregiver (neutral stimulus) associated with food (unconditioned stimulus). caregiver becomes conditioned stimulus

Question 27

what are 2 evaluation points of the learning theory

Answer 27

animal studies- Lorenz and Harlow showed that feeding is not the key to attachment

human research- schaffer and Emerson, most primary attachment figures were the mother even when others did most the feeding

Question 28

what was bowlbys theory

Answer 28

• monotropy- one particular attachment is different in quality and important than others.
• social releasers and the critical period- innate cute behaviours in the first 2 years
  internal working model- mental representations of the primary attachment relationship templates for future relationship

Question 29

state 2 evaluation points of Bowlbys Theory?

Answer 29

mixed evidnce for monotrpy- some babies form multiple attachments without primary attachments
support for social releasers- brazelton et al; when social releasers ignored babies were upset