Attachments AO3 Flashcards
Complete the PET paragraph on caregiver and infant interactions from the point: There is an issue in reliability
E- An experiment was done where the mouth movements of babies were observed. It was found that babies mouths are in constant motion so it’s difficult to deduce the validity of the study
T- We cannot be sure there mother-infant interactions have special meaning
Complete the PET paragraph on caregiver and infant interactions from the point: Other studies failed to replicate the findings of M&M although it’s speculated that those studies weren’t controlled
E- Research by Marian found children could distinguish between real time and video however it could be an issue with procedure
T- There is little face validity
Complete the PET paragraph on caregiver and infant interactions from the point: The intention of the experiment was to see how children react to inanimate objects
E- This research suggests that as children do not respond, imitation is specific to social response to humans
T- It cannot be applied to all children
Complete the PET paragraph on caregiver and infant interactions from the point: There are individual differences between infants
E- Isabella found that more strongly attached infants to their caregivers, showed greater interactional synchrony.
T- We can confirm the validity of babies having primitive reflexes
Complete the PET paragraph on caregiver and infant interactions from the point: The M&M research shows the first step in social relationships start at a very young age
E- Infants start to understand what others think and thus are able to conduct relationships.
T- The findings suggest that this research would lead to valuable methods for improve and developing mother-infant attachments
Evaluation of stages of attachments - (External Validity)
P- Has external validity
E- The observation was natural such as the parents observing and taking notes of the infants’ responses to separation and strangers in their own home, In addition the researchers were not present so the behaviour was more likely natural
T- Good external validity and results can be generalised to real life settings
Evaluation of stages of attachments - (What was conducted?)
P- Interviews and observations were conducted
E- The recordings were conducted by mothers who’s reports may have not been truthful
T- Therefore there may be desirability bias
Evaluation of stages of attachments - (Equality?)
P- Equal worth of all attachments are questioned
E- Bowlby suggested a main attachment and then a secondary one whereas Rutter suggests they’re all equal
T- Therefore it cannot be determined how strong these attachments are
Evaluation of stages of attachments - (Cross cultural differences)
P- Found that cross-cultural differences do occur
E- Tornick and Zaire said collectivist babies have a stronger attachment to the mother and no string attachments to other carers.
T- Therefore the stage model can only be applied to individualistic cultures
E- To extend, stage theories give the impression that development is inflexible. Tornick claimed a first attachment must be made first before multiple however this isnt always the case. The stage theory is the standard which families are judged so they become abnormal if they dont follow the pattern
Evaluation of stages of attachments - (Studies)
P- There were longitudinal studies used
E- The same children were observed and followed up regularly. This eliminates individual differences as a confounding variable.
T- Therefore the results were more internally valid
E- However, the families involved were from the same district and social class, meaning that the sample was limited. This compromises generalisability to all parents and children as different cultures have different child rearing practices
Evaluation of role of the father (inconsistent findings)
P- A weakness of the research was inconsistent findings in the role of fathers in attachments
E- This may be due to researchers being interested in different research questions Some psychologists are interested in understanding the role of fathers as secondary attachment figures whereas others are more concerned with fathers as primary caregivers
T- Therefore psychologists can’t easily explain the role of the father
Evaluation of role of the father (Doesn’t explain …)
P- Doesn’t explain why children without fathers develop no differently
E- MacCallum and Golombok found that children growing up in a single or same-sex parent families dont develop any differently than in heterosexual families
T- Suggests the role of a father as a secondary attachment figure is not important
