Attachments

Question 1

What are primitive reflexes?

Answer 1

Reflexes that help people survive through their attachments

Question 2

When does bodily contact begin for babies?

Answer 2

Straight after birth

Question 3

What do babies tend to mimic?

Answer 3

Facial expressions

Question 4

How do caregivers interact with infants?

Answer 4

Through modified vocal language that’s high pitched and song like

Question 5

What is interactional synchrony?

Answer 5

Imitating emotions and behaviours as well as physical interactions

Question 6

What is reciprocity?

Answer 6

Interactions that produce responses from each other however aren’t done for the same meanings

Question 7

What type of observation was Meltzoff and Moore’s interactional study?

Answer 7

Controlled

Question 8

How many different stimuli and faces were there in Meltzoff and Moore’s interactional study?

Answer 8

4 different stimuli and 3 different faces/ hand gestures

Question 9

Outline Meltzoff and Moore’s interactional study

Answer 9

-Observed infants reaction regularly
-Videos of infants taken were watched in real time, slow motion and frame by frame when necessary
-Video then watched by independent observers who did not know what the infant had just seen
-Infants as young as 2 to 3 weeks imitated specific facial and hand gestures
-In a later study infants as young as 3 days old demonstrated the same synchrony, suggests that it is innate and not learnt

Question 10

What did Piaget think of Meltzoff and Moore’s study?

Answer 10

Not intentional imitation but instead learnt behaviour, it was was repeated as it was rewards such as with a smile

Question 11

Complete the PET paragraph on caregiver and infant interactions from the point: There is an issue in reliability

Answer 11

E- An experiment was done where the mouth movements of babies were observed. It was found that babies mouths are in constant motion so it’s difficult to deduce the validity of the study
T- We cannot be sure there mother-infant interactions have special meaning

Question 12

Complete the PET paragraph on caregiver and infant interactions from the point: Other studies failed to replicate the findings of M&M although it’s speculated that those studies weren’t controlled

Answer 12

E- Research by Marian found children could distinguish between real time and video however it could be an issue with procedure
T- There is little face validity

Question 13

Complete the PET paragraph on caregiver and infant interactions from the point: The intention of the experiment was to see how children react to inanimate objects

Answer 13

E- This research suggests that as children do not respond, imitation is specific to social response to humans
T- It cannot be applied to all children

Question 14

Complete the PET paragraph on caregiver and infant interactions from the point: There are individual differences between infants

Answer 14

E- Isabella found that more strongly attached infants to their caregivers, showed greater interactional synchrony.
T- We can confirm the validity of babies having primitive reflexes

Question 15

Complete the PET paragraph on caregiver and infant interactions from the point: The M&M research shows the first step in social relationships start at a very young age

Answer 15

E- Infants start to understand what others think and thus are able to conduct relationships.
T- The findings suggest that this research would lead to valuable methods for improve and developing mother-infant attachments

Question 16

What is the key study in stages of attachments?

Answer 16

Schaffer and Emerson

Question 17

What was the aim in Schaffer and Emerson’s study?

Answer 17

To find evidence for the stages of attachment

Question 18

What was Schaffer and Emerson’s method?

Answer 18

-Observed 60 Glaswegian (from Glasgow) babies for 18 months, mostly from skilled working class families.
-Mothers/babies were visited once a month for 1 year and then again at 18 months.
-Researchers asked the parents to observe their children in different circumstances, write a diary of their of their observation and report back to the researchers e.g. separation anxiety, stranger anxiety

Question 19

Schaffer and Emerson conducted what type of study?

Answer 19

Longitudinal

Question 20

Detail what made Schaffer and Emerson’s study longitudinal other than the fact it went on for 18 months

Answer 20

Conducted circumstances that included being left alone in a room, left alone with a stranger, left alone in their cot.
Stranger anxiety was directly observed by Schaffer and Emerson when they visited the families.

Question 21

What were Schaffer and Emerson’s findings?

Answer 21

-Some stages of attachment were at 8 months, about 50 of them had more than one attachment. About 20 of them had no attachment with their mother or had a stronger attachment with someone else even though their mother was the main carer.
-Quality of care is important in forming attachments so the baby may not attach to its mother if other people respond more accurately to its signals