ao3 for cultural variations

Question 1

Give strength on Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg

Answer 1

P: A strength for the research is that it had large sample sizes

E: Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg meta-analysis involved 2,000 infants across 8 countries so their large sample size reduced the impact of anomalous results

T: Therefore, the study can be generalised and has high reliability

Question 2

Give weakness of Ainsworth’s study

Answer 2

P: There is culture bias due to imposed etic

E: The strange situation conducted by Mary Ainsworth was developed in the USA which only reflects Western norms of attachment such as separation anxiety.in cultures such as Japan infants are rarely separated from their mothers. This makes it seems like they’re insecure-resistant by Western standards but the infants are just shocked to be away from their caregiver so

T: Therefore, the study can’t be applied to all cultures

Question 3

What is the strength on universality?

Answer 3

P: Another strength is the research highlights universality and cultural differences in attachment

E: Secure attachment was the most common type across all cultures studied however there were some variations such as in Germany where insecure-avoidant was most prevalent

T: Therefore, attachment may be evolutionary however cultural practices are also influential so nature and nurture are both important

Question 4

Outline the weakness due to ethnocentrism

Answer 4

P: The research was ethnocentric and lacked cultural diversity

E: 15 out of 32 of the studies were conducted in the USA, and individualistic culture while less were done in collectivist cultures such as China and Japan.

T: Therefore the uneven representation makes it unable to apply to all societies

Question 5

What were Tornick and Zaire’s findings

Answer 5

P: Found that cross-cultural differences do occur

E: Tornick and Zaire said collectivist babies have a stronger attachment to the mother and no string attachments to other carers.

T: Therefore the stage model can only be applied to individualistic cultures

E: To extend, stage theories give the impression that development is inflexible. Tornick claimed a first attachment must be made first before multiple however this isnt always the case. The stage theory is the standard which families are judged so they become abnormal if they dont follow the pattern