Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

psychology > attachment > Flashcards

attachment Flashcards

1
Q

what is attachment

A

A close two way emotional bond between two individuals, where they see each other as essential to their own emotional security

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the attachment behaviours

A

Proximity, Separation, Secure base behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the carer-infant interactions

A

Reciprocity and Interactional synchrony

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is reciprocity

A

the infant and care giver respond to each other and elicit a response from the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

who is the psychologist that created the stages of attachment

A

Schaffer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

explain the method of the Schaffer and Emerson study

A

-60 infants from working class families in Glasgow
-Ranging from 5-23 weeks old
-Studied once every 4 weeks
-mother reports infants response to separation and describes the intensity (rated on a 4 point scale) of any protest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what were the findings of the Schaffer and Emerson study

A

-Between 25-32 weeks old about 50% showed signs of separation anxiety usually towards the mother
-By the age of 40 weeks 8%of the babies had a specific attachment and almost 30% displayed multiple attachments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the first stage of attachment and what age does it occur?

A

Asocial, 0 to 8 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a description of behaviour for the first stage of attachment?

A

recognise specific faces, happier in presence of humans, prefer familiar people, prefer faces to non-faces and smile at everyone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the second stage of attachment and what age is it?

A

Indiscriminate attachment and 2 to 7 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a description of behaviour for the second stage of attachment?

A

Recognise and prefer familiar people, smile at familiar people more, preference of people objects, except comfort from any adult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the third stage of attachment and for what age?

A

Specific attachments and 7 to 12 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Description of behaviour for third stage of attachment

A

Primary attachments to one individual, show stranger anxiety and separation anxiety, use familiar adults as secure base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the fourth stage of attachment and for what age?

A

Multiple attachments and one year and over

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Description of behaviour for the fourth stage of attachment

A

Secondary attachment with familiar adults with whom they spend time with

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Explain the procedure for Grossmans study

A

It was a longitudinal study with 44 families which looked at both parents behaviour and relationship to the quality of children’s attachment experience from babies to teenagers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What was the aim of Grossmans study?

A

To find how important fathers are in children’s development and whether they have a distinct role from mothers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the findings of Grossmans study?

A

Attachment with mothers related to emotional stability and adolescence, suggesting that fathers attachment is less important to children. However, they also found that fathers play a different role in attachment linking to play and stimulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What did Grossman argue that overall children need?

A

Mothers as primary caregiver with nurturing and father as secondary caregiver with play

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What was found in relation to fathers as primary caregivers by field

A

Field found that when Dad is in the role of primary caregiver, there was no different interacting with babies compared to mothers and levels of oxytocin were the same in the mother and father

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is suggested from fields research?

A

The role of the father is determined by cultural norms, rather than a real biological difference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What were the aims of Harlows study

A

To demonstrate that loving your mother was not based on the feeding bond between mother and infant but on contact comfort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Explain harlows procedure

A

Separated 8 baby monkeys from their mothers at birth, who were then split into 2 conditions. One had a cloth covered mother with a milk bottle and the other a wire mother with a milk bottle he measured the amount of time the money spent with each mother and hello their reactions to things like being scared

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What did Harlow measure

A

The amount of time each infant spent with two different mothers, and their responses when frightened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What were Harlows findings

A

The monkeys all spent more time with the cloth mother, those who were fed by the wire mother only spent a short time feeding with her and then moved to the cloth mother. When scared all monkeys cling to the cloth mother. He found that if separated from natural mothers before 90 days it resulted in abnormal social and sexual development of the monkeys, however if returned within 90 days they were able to recover

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What were Harlows conclusions

A

That contact comfort was more important to attachment that feeding. The critical period for attachment was 90 days and that’s it it isn’t formed within this time then it will lead to abnormal social and sexual development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What was the aim of Lorenz’s study

A

To investigate the effects of imprinting in nonhuman animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Explain lorenz’s procedure

A

Randomly divided 12 goose eggs, so half hatched with their mother, and the other in an incubator so the first moving thing they saw was Lorenz
Mixed the goslings together to see who they would follow, Lorenz or their mother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What were lorenz’s findings

A

He found that the incubator group followed him and the control group followed their mother
He identified a critical period where imprinting must take place, that being a few hours
If attachment did not occur during this time, they would never attach to the mother figure
He found that they also looked for desirable characteristics in a mate that they found in who they imprinted on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is imprinting?

A

Readiness to develop a strong bond with the mother, which takes place a few hours after birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is sexual imprinting

A

A desire to mate based on imprinting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Explain What 3 things does Bowlby believe attachment is

A

Inate so is an instinct, adaptive as improves chances of survival, monotropic so form attachment with one specific caregiver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Explain attachment being monotropic

A

Special attachment to one care giver, called primary attachment, assumed to be with mother, can also form secondary attachment’s but are not as important

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Explain social releasers

A

Behaviours displayed to encourage care givers to care for them, pre programmed to display, e.g. smiling, crying etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Explain Bowlbys critical period

A

Inspired by Lorenz and claimed that human attachment needed to happen within a set critical period (2 and a half years) otherwise it is damaging for later life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Explain internal working model

A

Babies form a mental template of what healthy attachment and relationship is based on primary attachment, so forms the basis of their future interactions and relationships

37
Q

Explain continuity hypothesis

A

The idea that your primary attachment will continue to influence and affect your behaviour in the long term, so secure child attachment will cause secure adult relationships

38
Q

Explain classical conditioning in attachment

A

Attachment is formed through associating the pleasure of eating with the caregiver

39
Q

Explain classical conditioning in attachment in terms of stimuli and responses

A

Before food is an unconditioned stimulus and produces pleasure an unconditioned response, along with the caregiver who is a neutral stimulus producing no response.
During food is an unconditioned stimulus with the caregiver who is a neutral stimulus causing pleasure, an unconditioned response
After the mother is a conditioned stimulus who produces pleasure as a conditioned response

40
Q

Explain drive reduction theory and what reinforcements punishment it is

A

When someone is uncomfortable they have a desire to reduce this discomfort, this behaviour that reduced discomfort is therefore reinforced as its negative reinforcement

41
Q

Explain operant conditioning in attachment in infants

A

When an infant cry’s it is feel which produces Al feeling of pleasure, this means that the behaviour or crying was positively reinforced so is more likely to be repeated. Attachment occurs because the child seeks the person who supply’s the reward

42
Q

Explain operant conditioning in attachment to do with caregivers

A

The caregiver is negative reinforced as the baby stops crying and positively reinforced by the baby being happy

43
Q

What is a secondary reinforcer in attachment

A

A person who reinforces a behaviour after they have been associated with a primary reinforcer

44
Q

What was the aim of Ainsworth’s strange strange situations study

A

observe the quality of attachment in infants to their caregiver

45
Q

What was the procedure of Ainsworth’s study

A

Room was marked into gird of 16 squares, 106 infant observed, 8 episodes each 3 minutes, data was collected through a one way mirror in relation to separation, reunion and response to a stranger, behaviour was split into 5 categories and scored on intensity 1-7

46
Q

What is an example of exploration being assessed

A

. Caregiver and infant playing

47
Q

What episode is an example of parent as secure base

A

Caregiver sits while infant plays

48
Q

What episode is an example of assessing stranger anxiety

A

Stranger entering

49
Q

What episode is an example of separation anxiety being assessed

A

Caregiver leaves infant alone

50
Q

What episode is an example of reunion behaviour

A

Caregiver returns and green infant

51
Q

What were Ainsworth’s findings

A

3 attachment styles:
Secure attachment (type B)
Insecure avoiding (type A)
Insecure-resistant (type C)

52
Q

Explain secure attachment

A
  • Infants snow secure base behaviour
  • moderate stranger and separation anxiety
  • reunion behaviours include need for comfort from care giver
53
Q

Explain insecure avoidant attachment

A
  • Don’t show secure base behaviour
  • little to no reached when caregiver leaves+ no stranger anxious
  • don’t seek caregiver upon reunion, avoidance of care giver observed
54
Q

Explain insecure resistant attachment

A
  • Increased proximity seeking behaviour
  • High levels of stranger anxiety and separation distress
  • resist coupon when reunited
55
Q

What is culture

A

Shared beliefs and values of members of a particular society

56
Q

What is the difference between collectivist and individualist culture

A

Collectivist culture uses group effort while individualist emphasises personal achievement

57
Q

What was ijendoorn and kroonenberg method

A

Completed a meta analysis of 32 studies across 8 counties looking at attachment types both within and between cultures

58
Q

What were the key findings of the cultural variations study

A

Secure attachment was the most common in au cultures, Germany had the highest number of avoidant children, Japan and Israel have very few avoidant children but high proportion of resistant chicaren.
They also found one and a half times more variation within cultures than between cultures

59
Q

Why might Japan have high levels of insecure resistant children

A

Children are rarely left by their mothers so although cutoragised as resistant it may just be a normal response

60
Q

Why does Germany have high levels of avoidant behaviour

A

German parents seek children who are not clingy, and independent

61
Q

What were the conclusions of the cultural variations study

A

1) findings support that attachment is innate and biological as secure attachment is the most common
2) supports that most children regardless of cultural differences are securely attached
3) shows that any differences between cultures are due to cultural differences not inadequate parenting

62
Q

What is bowlbys maternal deprivation theory

A

Examines the negative consequences of a failed primary attachment based on his research on the 44 juvenile thieves

63
Q

What is deprivation

A

Prolonged disruption of the attachment between a child and primary caregiver

64
Q

What are the two consequences of maternal deprivation theory

A

Delayed intellectual development and affection-less psychopathy

65
Q

What is delayed intellectual development characterised as

A

Abnormally low IQ

66
Q

What is affection-less psychopathy characterised by

A

Lack of guilt/empathy or emotion

67
Q

What was the aim of bowlbys 44 juvenile thieves study

A

Find if there was a link between maternal deprivation and effectionless psychopathy

68
Q

What was bowlbys procedure

A
  • Had 88 case study’s
  • 44 were receiving treatment for emotional problems (control group)
  • 44 were referred by courts as they were accused of stealing
  • he interviewed them and their parents, gave them IQ tests, read their school reports, etc
69
Q

What were bowlbys findings

A
  • 14/44 thieves were affectionless psychopaths, where’s 0/44 in control group
  • 12/14 affection-less psychopaths had experienced prolonged separation
  • 17/44 thieves suffered from maternal deprivation
  • 2/44 in control group
70
Q

What did Bowlby conclude

A

There was a link between maternal deprivation and affection-less psychopathy

71
Q

What is an institution

A

A place where children live for a long time, with often little emotional care provided

72
Q

What can institutionalisation lead to

A

Mental, emotional, and social problems

73
Q

Why were so many Romanian children in institutions

A

Communist rule banned abortion and access to contraceptives in order to increase the population, many were abandoned due to not being able to afford them

74
Q

Explain Rutters procedure

A

Longitudinal study that started in 1990
Followed 165 Romanian adoptees- 111 adopted by 2, 54 adopted by 4
Compared them to a control British group where 52 were all adopted before 6 months
Children were assessed at 4,6,11,15 years
Were compared on physical, social, and cognitive development

75
Q

What were rutters findings

A

At adoption- Romanian children were really behind British counterparts
At age 4- most adopted at 6 months had caught up
Later follow ups- almost all children had caught up, but still had problems with peer relationships, a minority still had significant impairments

76
Q

What was Rutters conclusion

A

Effects of institutionalisation can be reverted if the children are able to form attachments later

77
Q

Procedure of Zeanah et al

A

Compared Romanian children who had spent 90% of their lives in institutions to a control group of Romanian children who had not
Children were aged between 12-30 months
He assessed using the strange situation and interviews with careers

78
Q

What were Zeanah et als results

A

Control group had 74% securely attached
Institutionalised group had 19% securely attached and 65% disinhibited attachment

79
Q

Explain 4 effects of institutionalisation

A

1) Disinhibited attachment- lack of boundaries due to no insecure attachment so clingy and attention seeking
2) Damage to intellectual development- slowed by lack of emotional care
3) Physical underdevelopment-deprivation dwarfism as your body needs love and care to physically grow
4) poor parenting- grow up to become poor parents (has link to Harlows monkeys)

80
Q

According to Bowlbys continuity hypothesis what determines our quality of relationships later in life

A

Internal working model

81
Q

What kind of relationships would someone whos IWM was formed on secure attachment have in future

A

Healthy relationships and would be able to function adequately in them

82
Q

What relationships would someone who’s IWM was formed on an insecure attachment (either type)

A

Toxic relationships

83
Q

What was the procedure for Hazan and Shavers love quiz

A

Placed it in an American small town publication and had 620 responses
The quiz addressed the following:
Current attachment experiences
Attachment history
Attitudes towards love

84
Q

What did Hazan and Shaver find from the love quiz

A

They found attachment types were similar to those found in infancy
56% secure
25% avoidant
19% resistant

85
Q

What were Hazan and Shavers conclusions

A

Results support Bowlbys monotropic theory:
Childhood infancy attachment becomes IWM and can be used to predict adult attachment behaviours

86
Q

Why was the love quiz created

A

To test the internal working model

87
Q

What is research to support IWM in childhood friendships

A

Kerns: securely attached infants form the best quality childhood friendships while insecurely attached infants also end up with difficult friendships

88
Q

What is research to support IWM in adult relationships and friendships

A

Hazan and Shaver love quiz

89
Q

What is research to support IWM in parenting

A

Harlow and his monkeys

psychology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions