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psychology > approaches in psychology 3.2.1 > Flashcards

approaches in psychology 3.2.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

who is known as the “father” of psychology and why

A

Wundt is known as the father of psychology as he was the first person to be called a psychologist, and opened the first psychology laboratory. He wanted to study the mind in a scientific way.

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2
Q

How did Wundt help psychology develop as a discipline

A

psychology has philosophical roots, but Wundt favouring scientific methods helped establish psychology as its own discipline.

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3
Q

psychology definition

A

The scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those functions affecting behavior in a specific context

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4
Q

what is introspection

A

“looking into” and examining ones own thought processes, in particular feelings, emotions and sensations.

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5
Q

how did Wundt carry out introspection investigations

A

he would give his volunteers a standardised stimuli and ask them to examine feelings, emotions and sensations within a strictly controlled environment.

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6
Q

what aspects of introspection are scientific and which are not, or weaknesses and disadvantages

A

It is a strictly controlled procedure, that can be repeated making it more scientific. However, the results are subjective, and unreliable as they are from people reporting on experiences. it also doesn’t explain how the mind works.

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7
Q

what are the key features of science

A

a means of acquiring knowledge through objective investigation
empirical
replicable
systematic
objective

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8
Q

What is the method of studying in a scientific way called

A

Empiricism and is the view that psychological theory’s should be based on observable and factual evidence

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9
Q

What are the two key assumptions of scientific methodology

A

All behaviour has a cause
If we identify the cause we can use this to make predictions about future behaviours and its effects

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10
Q

Behaviourists are only interested in …

A

Behaviour that can be measured and observed

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11
Q

Why do behaviourists reject introspection

A

It’s vague and not easy to measure

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12
Q

Why do behaviourists conduct some investigations on animals

A

They believe all species learn the same so research can be conducted on animals to replace humans

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13
Q

Who developed the theory of classical conditioning

A

Pavlov

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14
Q

What is classical conditioning

A

Learning via association, an existing involuntary reflex is associated with a new stimulus

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15
Q

How did Pavlov test CC

A

He taught dogs to associate the sound of a bell with food, producing a salivation response at the sound of a bell even when no food was present

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16
Q

Describe Pavlovs method in terms of stimuli and responses

A

The dogs were given an unconditioned stimulus producing an unconditioned response (salivation). During conditioning the dogs were giving a neutral stimulus along with an unconditioned stimulus producing an unconditioned response. After conditioning the dogs were only given the conditioned stimulus producing a conditioned response.

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17
Q

Who developed operant conditioning

A

Skinner

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18
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

Learning through consequences

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19
Q

How did skinner conduct his research

A

He used rats in what’s called Skinner box, in which a rat would move around the cage and when it accidentally touched a leaver would be rewarded by food

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20
Q

What are the types of reinforcement that affect behaviour

A

Positive reinforcement: when behaviour is followed by a reward it is more likely to be repeated
Negative reinforcement: when a behaviour is followed by a bad thing taken away it is more likely to be repeated
Consequences: if something good is removed after a behaviour then it’s less likely to be repeated, other way around for bad thing removed.

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21
Q

Who is the psychologist for the psychodynamic approach

A

Freud

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22
Q

What did Freud found and develop

A

Psychoanalysis, and therapeutic techniques to help bring out repressed emotions

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23
Q

What are the 3 parts of the mind

A

ID superego and ego

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24
Q

What is the ID

A

It’s roll is to satisfy our basic biological needs

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25
Q

What principle does the ID operate under

A

Pleasure principle

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26
Q

When does the ID develop

A

Present from birth

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27
Q

What is the super ego

A

Produces feelings of guilt for wrongdoing and includes an ego ideal

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28
Q

When does the superego develop

A

From age 5

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29
Q

What principle does the superego act under

A

Morality principle

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30
Q

What is the ego

A

The planning part of the personality

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31
Q

What principle does the ego act under

A

Reality principle

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32
Q

When does the ego develope

A

Around age 2

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33
Q

What can cause mental disorders

A

Conflict between the personality parts however a strong ego will be able to manage

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34
Q

What analogy did Freud use for the mind

A

An iceberg with the conscious above the water and unconscious bellow

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35
Q

If an individual cannot deal with a situation rationally then what will be triggered

A

Defence mechanisms

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36
Q

What are examples of defense mechanisms

A

Repression
Displacement
Denial

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37
Q

what is repression

A

traumatic event is pushes into the unconceous mind

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37
Q

what is denial

A

refusal to accept the reality of a situation

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38
Q

what is displacement

A

feelings are transferred to something/someone

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39
Q

what did Frued believe most of our everyday behaviour is a result of

A

our unconcious mind

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40
Q

what is sexual energy called

A

libido

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41
Q

what did Freud believe we had to do to be psychologically healthy

A

complete each psychosexual stage

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42
Q

explain all points of the Oral stage

A

begins from birth to 1 years, and experiences pleasure through sucking and tasting, the mothers breast is the object of desire and is completed through weaning, an unresolved conflict can result in smoking or overeating

43
Q

explain all points of the anal stage

A

Is from 1-3 years ,and experiances pleasure from defication, undergoes potty training to controll bowl movements, completion is markd by this as well

44
Q

what is anally retentive

A

makes you tidy and organised

45
Q

what is anally empulsive

A

makes you messy

46
Q

explain all points of the phallic stage

A

from ages 3-5, where boys have the oedipus complex and girls have the electra complex

47
Q

explain all points of the latency stage

A

from age 6 to puberty, libido becomes hidden and they focus on same sex friendships, the lull before puberty

48
Q

explain all points of the genital stage

A

from puberty +, psychosexual energy takes residence in the genitals and heterosexual relationships form, consequences of an unresolved conflict are difficulty forming heterosexual relationships

49
Q

what are the 5 psychosexual stages in order

A

oral
anal
phallic
latent
genital

50
Q

who is the psychologist for SLT

A

Bandura

51
Q

what are assumptions of SLT

A

-Bandura agreed with the behaviourist approach that much of our behaviour is learned through experience
-It is learning through observation and imitation
-The process of watching and imitating is called modelling
-Its a development of the behaviourist approach

52
Q

what must happen for social learning to take place

A

Someone, called a model, must carry out the attitude/behaviour

53
Q

what are the two types of models with examples

A

live models: parents, peers etc
symbolic models: media characters

54
Q

what is imitation

A

the reproduction of behaviour observed from models

55
Q

what are the 3 key factors determining imitation

A

-Characteristics of models
-Observers perceived ability to perform behaviour
-Observed consequences of behaviour

56
Q

how does a person become a roll model

A

if they posses similar characteristics to the observer and/or are attractive and have a high status

57
Q

what is vicarious reinforcement

A

reinforcement that is not directly experienced but occurs through observing someone else being reinforced for a behaviour

58
Q

what are the mediational processes

A

Attention- extent to which we notice behaviours
Retention- how well the behaviour is remembered
Motor reproduction- the ability of the observer to perform the behaviour
Motivation- the will to perform the behaviour

59
Q

what was the aim of the bobo doll experiment

A

to investigate whether aggression can be learned through social learning theory principles

60
Q

explain the process of the bobo doll experiment

A

72 children (36 each gender) aged between 3 ans 6 were put into 3 groups:
Aggressive model- children played in a room while an adult showed aggression to a bobo doll
Non aggressive model- the child played in a room while an adult played quietly
(these two groups were divided based on their and the adult models gender)
Control group- children didnt see a model
The children were then taken to a room with no toys and he taken to a room to be observed

61
Q

what were the findings of the bobo doll experiment

A

-1/3 of the aggressive model repeated verbal responses
-Girls imitated more physical aggression with male models but more verbal with female ones
-Boys imitated same sex models more than girls

62
Q

what does the cognitive approach focus on

A

internal mental processes that influence behaviour, that can be studied scientifically

63
Q

what is inference

A

drawing conclusions about the way mental processes operate on the basis of observed behaviour

64
Q

what are schemas

A

mental frame works that can organise beliefs and expectations about ourselves and the world around us that comes from prior experiences

65
Q

what are theoretical models

A

visual representations of internal mental processes that are used to simplify and study complex processes

66
Q

what are computer models

A

using computer software to explain different mental processes

67
Q

what are the assumptions of the biological approach

A

-Physiological processes in the body (genes, hormones and brain structure) influence human behaviour
-All thoughts feelings and behaviours have a physiological basis

68
Q

what do biological psychologists believe about behavioural characteristics

A

that they are inherited in the same way personal characteristics are

69
Q

what studies does the biological approach use

A

twin studies and adoption studies

70
Q

what is the genotype

A

set of genes written in you DNA

71
Q

what is the phenotype

A

observable characteristics inherited from your genes and influenced by enviromental factors

72
Q

what are monozygotic twins

A

one egg which later splits into two, share 100% of genetic information

73
Q

what are dizygotic twins

A

two different eggs and sperms, share 50% of DNA

74
Q

what is concordance rate

A

% chance of one twin having a particular characteristic

75
Q

how do we know if a characteristic is influenced by genetic factors

A

if concordance rate is higher in MZ rather than DZ twins

76
Q

what are brain scans used for

A

compare size and level of activity in different parts of the brain between different individuals

77
Q

what are neurotransmitters

A

electrochemical impulses that transmit messages from one neurone to the next by travelling accross a synapse

78
Q

what are the two types of neurotransmitters with examples

A

excitatory neurotransmitter- dopamine
inhibitory neurotransmitter- serotonin

79
Q

how are hormones produced

A

endocrine glands

80
Q

what is natural selection

A

certain physical and psychological traits have been passed down from one generation to another due to their advantages to survival

81
Q

what is sexual selection

A

certain physical and psychological traits passed down from one generation to the other based due to their advantages to reproduction

82
Q

what are 3 examples of evolution in humans

A

aggression, attachment, and fight or flight response

83
Q

What is free will

A

The idea that humans can make choices, and ate not determined by biological or external forces

84
Q

What does free will mean for humans?

A

That we are active agents who have the ability to determine our own development

85
Q

Who are the two psychologist for the humanistic approach?

A

Maslow and Rogers

86
Q

Who created the hierarchy of needs?

A

Maslow

87
Q

What did Maslow focus on?

A

What could go right with humans and the importance of personal growth and fulfilment

88
Q

What are the five sections of the hierarchy of needs from the bottom of the pyramid to the top?

A

Physiological needs, safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem and self actualisation

89
Q

What falls under physiological needs?

A

Breathing, food, water, sleep, homeostasis excretion etc

90
Q

What falls under safety?

A

Security of body, security of employment, security of health, security of property, etc

91
Q

What falls under Love and belonging?

A

Friendship, family, sexual intimacy

92
Q

What falls under self-esteem?

A

Self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of and by others

93
Q

What falls on the self actualisation?

A

Morality, creativity, spontaneity and problem-solving

94
Q

Explain, self-actualisation

A

It represents the higher end of Maslow‘s hierarchy of needs and is personal growth to be the best you can be, however not everyone will manage

95
Q

How can positive regard and negative regard influence a person

A

When Love is given freely, people develop a healthy sense of self-worth, but people who receive negative regard such as criticism and blame develop low self-esteem

96
Q

What did Rogers believe about self actualisation?

A

That humans strive to achieve their ideal self because they are motivated towards self improvement

97
Q

What is congruence?

A

The gap between the ideal self, and actual self of a person

98
Q

What can incongruence lead to?

A

Low self-worth

99
Q

What are defence mechanisms used to stop the self from growing and changing?

A

Distortion, denial and blocking

100
Q

What did Rogers develop to reduce incongruence

A

A client centred therapy where a therapist is able to provide clients with positive and unconditional regard

101
Q

What can conditions of worth for a child cause

A

A parent who puts a limit on their love for their child, is storing up psychological problems for that child in the future

102
Q

What research methods do humanistic psychologist prefer and why

A

Qualitative methods such as unstructured interviewing because it gives them access to peoples views, and participant observation to understand how the participants perceive it

103
Q

Why do humanistic psychologist not like objective methods?

A

They don’t like to reduce peoples experiences to numbers

104
Q

what are the key issues and debates

A

gender and cultural bias, free will and determinism, reductionism and holism, idiographic and nomothetic approaches, ethical issues and social sensitivity

psychology (5 decks)

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