attachment Flashcards
what did Maccoby find was the characeristics of attachment?
proximity
separation distress
pleasure when reunited
secure base behaviour: when away from attachment figure people keep contact with attachment figure
what are the two forms of caregiver infant interactions?
Reciprocity
interactional synchrony
what is Reciprocity?
this is when each person will respond to the other and elicit a response from them.
how much of the time do mothers respond to a babies “alert phases”
2/3rds of the time (Feldman and Eidelman 2007)
when do these alert phases become more frequent and involves close attention to each others verbal signals and expressions?
around 3 months old (Feldman 2007)
does the baby take an active role?
yes, it seems the baby takes an active role and the caregiver and infant take turns in initiating interactions.
what is reciprocity described as by Brazelton et al 1975?
a dance
what is interactional synchrony?
when an infant and caregiver’s behaviour is in sync with each other.
what did Feldman define as”“the temporal coordination of micro level social behaviour.”
interactional synchrony.
what did Meltzof and Moore 1977 observe?
interactional synchrony as young as two weeks.
an association was seen between the expressions or gestures displayed by the adult and the actions of the baby.
how did Meltzof and Moore observe interactional synchrony ?
An adult displayed one of three facial expressions or one of three distinctive gestures. Child’s response was observed and identified by independent observers.
what did Isabella et al 1989 find?
high levels of synchrony better quality attachment.
what did Schaffer and Emerson 1964 find?
Babies usually create an attachment with their mother at 7 months and form a second attachment after a view weeks or months with the father
what did Grossman 2002 find about the role of the father in attachment?
the father is more important for play than the mother is. the quality of play with the infants was related to the quality of adolescent attachments.
what did Field 1978 find?
that the key to attachment of the relationship is the responsiveness not the gender.
what are the strengths of caregiver interactions
usually well controlled. this eamsn tatht ehre is no extraneous variables to invalidate results
what are the weaknesses of caregiver interactions
Feldman points out that synchrony describes behaviours that happen at the same time, not explanation for why it is important for attachment. May not be useful as it does not tell us their purpose.
hard to know
what are the weaknesses of the role of the father
Is confusing because different researchers are interested in different questions. . cannot answer the question what is the role of the father
Weakness
Maccallum and Golombok oppose Grossman’s ideas
Maccallum and Golombok 2004 found that children who grow up in same sex parent families or single parent do not develop different
This would suggest that the fathers role as a secondary attachment figure is not important
Weakness
The fact that the fathers do not become the primary caregiver could be the result of traditional gender roles. On the other hand, it could be that female hormones create hinge levels of nurturing therefore women are predisposed to be the primary attachment figure. Unclear why fathers don’t generally become primary caregivers.
who proposed the stages of attachment
Schaffer and Emerson 1964
what are the stages of attachment
asocial
indiscriminate
discriminate
multiple attachments
what happens during the asocial stage of attachment?
Behaviour between humans and non-human objects similar
Happier in presence of humans
Sometimes show preference to familiar individuals(can tell difference between familiar and non familiar faces)
Prefer faces to non faces
Smiles at anyone
what happens during the indiscriminate stage of attachment?
Recognises and prefers familiar people
Smile more at familiar faces than non familiar faces
Preference for people rather than inanimate objects
Accepts comfort from any adult
what happens during the discriminate stage of attachment?
Primary attachment to one particular individual (whoever shows the most sensitivity to their signals
Shows stranger anxiety and separation
Use familiar adults as secure base
when does each stage of attachment happen according to Schaffer and Emerson
asocial 0-8 weeks
indiscriminate 2-7 months
discrimnate 7-12 months
multiple stage 12 months onwards