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Attachment Flashcards

1
Q

Caregiver- infant interactions:
define interactions

A

babies have frequent and important interactions with caregiver

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2
Q

Caregiver- infant interactions:
define reciprocity

A

turn-taking. mothers respond when baby is alert. from 3 months becomes more intense & reciprocal

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3
Q

Caregiver- infant interactions:
define interactional synchrony

A

-same actions simultaneously

  • interactions co-ordinated from 2 weeks (Meltzoff & Moore)
    *quality of attachment related to synchrony (Isabella et al.)
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4
Q

Define attachment

A

a two-way emotional bond between 2 people (infant and caregiver)

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5
Q

What is a support for caregiver-infant interactions
(Filmed observations)

A

FILMED OBSERVATIONS: these can capture fine detail, and can establish inter-rater reliability. The babies are not aware that they are being filmed, so data collected in research has good reliability and validity.

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6
Q

What is a limitation of caregiver-infant interactions?

A

DIFFICULTY OBSERVING BABIES: it is hard to interpret a baby’s behaviour (hard to know meaning of small movements)
therefore, cannot be certain that the behaviours seen in caregiver-infant reactions have a special meaning.

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7
Q

What is another limitation of caregiver-infant interactions

A

DEVELOPMENTAL IMPORTANCE: observation of behaviour doesn’t tell us about its importance in the development of the baby.
-COUNTERPOINT: (Isabella et al.) suggests that interactional synchrony is important for attachment.

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8
Q

What are the 5 stages of attachment which Schaffer identified?

A

1)Asocial stage: first few weeks. same response to humans and objects.
2)Indiscriminate attachment: 2-7 months, preference for (familiar) people.
NO STRANGER/SEPARATION ANXIETY
3)Specific attachment: stranger & separation anxiety in regards to primary attachment figure.
4) Multiple attachment) attachment behaviour directed towards more than one adult (secondary attachments0

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9
Q

What was Schaffer and Emerson’s procedure of finding out the different stages of attachment?

A

-mothers of 60 working class Glasgow babies reported monthly on separation and stranger anxiety.

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10
Q

What is a support of Schaffer and Emerson’s stages of attachment?
(external validity)

A

GOOD EXTERNAL VALIDITY: mothers did the observing, so babies not stressed by being observed from researchers.
COUNTERPOINT: mothers might not have accurately noted behaviour.

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11
Q

What is a limitation of Schaffer and Emerson’s stages of attachment?

A

POOR EVIDENCE FOR THE ASOCIAL STAGE: babies have poor co-ordination, so just may seem asocial.

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12
Q

What is another strength of Schaffer and Emerson’s stages of attachment?
real-world application

A

REAL-WORLD APPLICATION: no harm in starting at day care during asocial/indiscriminate stages (any skilled adult adequate) but problematic starting day care in the specific attachment stage.

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13
Q

Role of the father.
What did Schaffer and Emerson discover about attachment to fathers?

A

most babies attach to their father (75% by 18 months) but rarely as the first attachment (only 3% first sole attachment)

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14
Q

Role of the father.
What did Grossman et al. discover about the distinctive role of the father?

A

the father may have a distinctive role for play and stimulation which is important for the quality of adolescent attachments.

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15
Q

Role of the father.
What was discovered about fathers being primary attachment figures?

A

fathers who were primary caregivers = more responsive than secondary caregiver fathers.

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16
Q

What is a limitation of the research conducted about the role of the father?

A

LACK OF CLARITY OVER RESEARCH QUESTIONS:
competing research questions prevent a simple answer about the father’s role.

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17
Q

What is a limitation about the findings of the role of the father?
conflicting evidence

A

CONFLICTING EVIDENCE:
studies have reached different conclusions about a distinctive role for fathers.
COUNTERPOINT: fathers may be predisposed to a role, but single mothers and lesbian parents simply take on these roles.

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18
Q

What is a support of the findings about the role of the father?

A

REAL-WORLD APPLICATION: families can be advised about the father’s role in attachment.

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19
Q

Animal Studies Of Attachment.
What was the procedure of Lorenz’s research?

A

geese eggs.
half of the eggs hatched with their mother, the other half saw Lorenz when they first hatched.

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20
Q

Animal Studies Of Attachment.
What were Lorenz’s findings?

A

newly-hatched chicks attach to the first moving object they see (imprinting)

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21
Q

What is sexual imprinting in regards to Lorenz’s research?

A

adult birds try to mate with whatever species or object they imprint on.

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22
Q

What is a strength of Lorenz’s research?

A

RESEARCH SUPPORT: Regolin & Vallortigara observed that chicks imprint on moving shapes.

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23
Q

What is a limitation of Lorenz’s research?

A

GENERALISABILITY TO HUMANS: attachment systems in birds are less complex and not two-way.

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24
Q

Animal Studies of Attachment.
What was the procedure of Harlow’s research?

A

Rhesus monkeys
baby monkeys given cloth-covered or plain-wire mother with feeding bottle attached.

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25
What were the findings of Harlow's research?
monkeys clung to the cloth surrogate mother, rather than wire one, regardless of which dispensed milk. contact comfort important.
26
What were the findings of Harlow's research about the maternally deprived monkeys as adults?
they grew up socially disfunctional
27
What was the critical period which Harlow identified?
after 90 days, attachments wouldn't form.
28
What is a support of Harlow's research?
REAL-WORL VALUE: helps professionals to promote bonding, also applied to zoos and breeding programmes.
29
Explanations of attachment- learning theory. What is classical conditioning?
caregiver (neutral stimulus) associated with food (unconditioned stimulus). caregiver becomes the conditioned stimulus.
30
Learning theory. What is operant conditioning?
crying behaviour reinforced positively for baby and negatively for caregiver.
31
What does learning theory state about attachment as a secondary drive?
attachment becomes a secondary drive through association with hunger.
32
What is a limitation of the learning theory? (evidence from animal studies)
COUNTER-EVIDENCE FROM ANIMAL STUDIES: Lorenz& Harlow showed that feeding is not the key to attachment.
33
What is a limitation of learning theory? ( evidence from studies on humans)
COUNTER-EVIDENCE FROM STUDIES ON HUMANS: primary attachment figure not always person who does feeding (Schaffer and Emerson), quality of attachment related to interactional synchrony not feeding (Isabella et al.)
34
What is a support for learning theory?
SOME CONDITIONING MAY BE INVOLVED: conditioning (association with comfort) may influence the choice of primary attachment figure. COUNTERPOINT: babies are more active in attachment than conditioning, research suggests.
35
Explanations of attachment: Bowlby's theory. What did Bowlby state about monotropy?
monotropy: one particular attachment is different in quality and importance than others. -the law of continuity stated that the more constant and predictable a child's care is, the better the quality of their attachment. -the law of accumulated separation stated that the effects of every separation from the mother add up and therefore the safest dose is a zero dose.
36
What did Bowlby state about social releasers and the critical period?
innate cute behaviours elicit care. critical period up to 6 months, possibly extending to 2 years.
37
What did Bowlby state about the internal working model?
the IWM is a representation of the primary attachment relationship and is a template for future relationships.
38
What is a limitation of Bowlby's monotropic theory?
LACKS VALIDITY: the primary attachment may be stronger, but not different in nature. other attachments provide all the same key qualities.
39
What is a support for Bowlby's monotropic theory? (social releasers)
SUPPORT FOR SOCIAL RELEASERS: (Brazelton et al.) babies become upset when attachment figure ignored social releasers.
40
What is a support for Bowlby's monotropic theory? (IWM)
SUPPORT FOR IWM: quality of attachments is passed on through generations ( Bailey et al.) COUNTERPOINT: ignores other factors (e.g genetic) in social behaviour & parenting (Kornienko)
41
Types of attachment- measuring attachment quality. What is the procedure of the strange situation?
7 stage controlled observation. Assesses proximity- seeking, exploration and secure base, stranger and separation anxiety, response to reunion.
42
Types of attachment- measuring attachment quality. What were the findings of the Strange Situation (Types of attachment)?
babies show consistent patterns of attachment behaviour. 1) secure- enthusiastic greeting, generally content, moderate anxiety. 2)avoidant- avoids reunion, generally reduced responses. 3) resistant- resists reunion, generally more distressed.
43
What is a support for the Strange Situation? (good predictive validity)
GOOD PREDICTIVE VALIDITY. research shows that attachment type predicts later social behaviour. e.g school success, bullying. COUNTERPOINT: Kagan suggests behavioural differences due to genetically- influenced anxiety levels.
44
What is a support for the Strange Situation? (good inter-rater reliability)
GOOD INTER-RATER RELIABILITY. 94% agreement between trained observers. procedure takes place under controlled conditions.
45
What is a limitation of the Strange Situation? (culture bias)
THE TEST MAY BE CULTURE BIASED. the strange situation is a western measure, other cultures may have different experiences that affect behaviour in the SS.
46
Cultural variations in attachment. What was the research carried out by Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg?
They compared rates of attachment types in 8 countries. They found that more variation exists within the countries.
47
Cultural Variations in attachment. What are other studies of cultural variations- Simonelli et al.?
Italian secure attachment rates dropped to 50%, may be due to increased day care.
48
Cultural Variations in attachment. What are other studies of cultural variations- Jin et al.?
Korean secure vs insecure attachment rates similar to other studies. But insecure-avoidant similar to Japan, could be due to similar child-rearing styles.
49
What can be concluded from the research on cultural variations in attachment?
it appears that attachment is innate and universal, and secure attachment is the norm. However, cultural practices can affect the rates of attachment type.
50
What is a support for the research on cultural variations in attachment?
INDIGENOUS RESEARCHERS. Grossmann et al. (German) reduces bias and miscommunication with ppt. COUNTERPOINT. not true of all cross-cultural studies.
51
What is a limitation for the research on cultural variations in attachment?
CONFOUNDING VARIABLES. apparent cultural differences may have been due to sample characteristics or environmental differences.
52
Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation. What did Bowlby find about separation vs deprivation?
physical separation only leads to deprivation when the child loses emotional care.
53
Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation. What did Bowlby find about the critical period?
The first 2 1/2 years are critical, and depravation in that time causes damage.
54
Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation. What did Bowlby find about the effects on development?
Bowlby- Deprivation of emotional care leads to affectionless psychopathy. Goldfarb- deprivation causes low IQ.
55
Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation. What did Bowlby's research (44 thieves) find out?
many more affectionless psychopaths than controls had prolonged early separations.
56
What is a limitation for Bowlby's research to support his theory of maternal deprivation? (biased observer)
BOWLBY MAY HAVE BEEN A BIASED OBSERVER. He carried out both the family studies and assessments for affectionless psychopathy. Goldfarb's study had confounding variables. COUNTERPOINT: research with rats shows deprivation can harm social development.
57
What is a limitation of Bowlby's research to support his theory of maternal deprivation? (deprivation and privation)
DEPRIVATION AND PRIVATION: some of the 44 thieves may have been 'prived', deprivation may be less damaging.
58
What is a limitation of Bowlby's research to support his theory of maternal deprivation? (critical vs sensitive period)
CRITICAL VS SENSITIVE PERIOD. Czech twins' recovery after physical and emotional abuse suggests that the 2 1/2 years identifies by Bowlby as critical are actually a sensitive period.
59
Romanian orphan studies: institutionalisation. What was Rutter et al's research?
ERA project which studied 165 Romanian orphans adopted in the UK. It later found that the children had low IQ and disinhibited attachment.
60
Romanian orphan studies: institutionalisation. What was Ieanah et al's research?
BEI project which found secure attachment in 19% of institutional group and 74% in the control group. Disinhibited attachment in 44% of the institutional group, and 20% in the controls.
61
Romanian orphan studies: institutionalisation. What were the effects of institutionalisation discovered by the research conducted?
children will experience disinhibited attachment and delay in intellectual development if institutionalisation continues after sensitive period for attachment.
62
Romanian orphan studies: institutionalisation. What is a support for the research done on institutionalisation? (real-world application)
REAL-WORLD APPLICATION. both institutional care and adoption practice have been improved using lessons from Romanian orphans.
63
Romanian orphan studies: institutionalisation. What is a support for the research done on institutionalisation? (few confounding variables)
FEW CONFOUNDING VARIABLES. Romanian orphans had fewer negative influences before institutionalisation than for example war orphans. COUNTERPOINT especially poor conditions in Romanian orphanages could be a confounding variable.
64
Romanian orphan studies: institutionalisation. What is a limitation for the research done on institutionalisation? (lack of adult data)
LACK OF ADULT DATA: we don't know the effects of institutional care on adult development.
65
Influence of early attachment on later relationships. What does the IWM state about the influence?
Bowlby's idea that the primary attachment relationship provides a template for later relationships.
66
Influence of early attachment on later relationships. What has research found about relationships in childhood? (Kerns) (Myron-Wilson and Smith)
(Kerns) research found that securely attached children have better friendships. (Myron-Wilson and Smith) found that securely attached children tend to be less involved in bullying.
67
Influence of early attachment on later relationships. What has research found about relationships in adulthood?
-securely attached adults have better relationships with friends and partners. -secure responders gad better and longer-lasting relationships. -avoidant responders had a fear of intimacy -Mother's attachment type matched that of their mothers and their babies.
68
Influence of early attachment on later relationships. What is a support of the findings of the influence? (research support)
RESEARCH SUPPOR. research carried out showed consistent links e.g disorganised type and mental disorder. COUNTERPOINT: longitudinal study found no continuity in attachment type from 1 to 16 years old.
69
Influence of early attachment on later relationships. What is a limitation of the research carried out? (validity issues with retrospective studies)
VALIDITIY ISSUES WITH RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES: self-report answers not always honest, and assumes that attachment type has remained the same into adulthood.
70
Influence of early attachment on later relationships. What is a limitation on the research carried out? (confounding variables)
associations between attachment type and later development may be due to parenting style or genes.

Psychology (9 decks)

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