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Attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

Caregiver- infant interactions:
define interactions

A

babies have frequent and important interactions with caregiver

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2
Q

Caregiver- infant interactions:
define reciprocity

A

turn-taking. mothers respond when baby is alert. from 3 months becomes more intense & reciprocal

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3
Q

Caregiver- infant interactions:
define interactional synchrony

A

-same actions simultaneously

  • interactions co-ordinated from 2 weeks (Meltzoff & Moore)
    *quality of attachment related to synchrony (Isabella et al.)
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4
Q

Define attachment

A

a two-way emotional bond between 2 people (infant and caregiver)

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5
Q

What is a support for caregiver-infant interactions
(Filmed observations)

A

FILMED OBSERVATIONS: these can capture fine detail, and can establish inter-rater reliability. The babies are not aware that they are being filmed, so data collected in research has good reliability and validity.

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6
Q

What is a limitation of caregiver-infant interactions?

A

DIFFICULTY OBSERVING BABIES: it is hard to interpret a baby’s behaviour (hard to know meaning of small movements)
therefore, cannot be certain that the behaviours seen in caregiver-infant reactions have a special meaning.

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7
Q

What is another limitation of caregiver-infant interactions

A

DEVELOPMENTAL IMPORTANCE: observation of behaviour doesn’t tell us about its importance in the development of the baby.
-COUNTERPOINT: (Isabella et al.) suggests that interactional synchrony is important for attachment.

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8
Q

What are the 5 stages of attachment which Schaffer identified?

A

1)Asocial stage: first few weeks. same response to humans and objects.
2)Indiscriminate attachment: 2-7 months, preference for (familiar) people.
NO STRANGER/SEPARATION ANXIETY
3)Specific attachment: stranger & separation anxiety in regards to primary attachment figure.
4) Multiple attachment) attachment behaviour directed towards more than one adult (secondary attachments0

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9
Q

What was Schaffer and Emerson’s procedure of finding out the different stages of attachment?

A

-mothers of 60 working class Glasgow babies reported monthly on separation and stranger anxiety.

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10
Q

What is a support of Schaffer and Emerson’s stages of attachment?
(external validity)

A

GOOD EXTERNAL VALIDITY: mothers did the observing, so babies not stressed by being observed from researchers.
COUNTERPOINT: mothers might not have accurately noted behaviour.

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11
Q

What is a limitation of Schaffer and Emerson’s stages of attachment?

A

POOR EVIDENCE FOR THE ASOCIAL STAGE: babies have poor co-ordination, so just may seem asocial.

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12
Q

What is another strength of Schaffer and Emerson’s stages of attachment?
real-world application

A

REAL-WORLD APPLICATION: no harm in starting at day care during asocial/indiscriminate stages (any skilled adult adequate) but problematic starting day care in the specific attachment stage.

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13
Q

Role of the father.
What did Schaffer and Emerson discover about attachment to fathers?

A

most babies attach to their father (75% by 18 months) but rarely as the first attachment (only 3% first sole attachment)

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14
Q

Role of the father.
What did Grossman et al. discover about the distinctive role of the father?

A

the father may have a distinctive role for play and stimulation which is important for the quality of adolescent attachments.

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15
Q

Role of the father.
What was discovered about fathers being primary attachment figures?

A

fathers who were primary caregivers = more responsive than secondary caregiver fathers.

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16
Q

What is a limitation of the research conducted about the role of the father?

A

LACK OF CLARITY OVER RESEARCH QUESTIONS:
competing research questions prevent a simple answer about the father’s role.

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17
Q

What is a limitation about the findings of the role of the father?
conflicting evidence

A

CONFLICTING EVIDENCE:
studies have reached different conclusions about a distinctive role for fathers.
COUNTERPOINT: fathers may be predisposed to a role, but single mothers and lesbian parents simply take on these roles.

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18
Q

What is a support of the findings about the role of the father?

A

REAL-WORLD APPLICATION: families can be advised about the father’s role in attachment.

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19
Q

Animal Studies Of Attachment.
What was the procedure of Lorenz’s research?

A

geese eggs.
half of the eggs hatched with their mother, the other half saw Lorenz when they first hatched.

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20
Q

Animal Studies Of Attachment.
What were Lorenz’s findings?

A

newly-hatched chicks attach to the first moving object they see (imprinting)

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21
Q

What is sexual imprinting in regards to Lorenz’s research?

A

adult birds try to mate with whatever species or object they imprint on.

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22
Q

What is a strength of Lorenz’s research?

A

RESEARCH SUPPORT: Regolin & Vallortigara observed that chicks imprint on moving shapes.

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23
Q

What is a limitation of Lorenz’s research?

A

GENERALISABILITY TO HUMANS: attachment systems in birds are less complex and not two-way.

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24
Q

Animal Studies of Attachment.
What was the procedure of Harlow’s research?

A

Rhesus monkeys
baby monkeys given cloth-covered or plain-wire mother with feeding bottle attached.

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25
Q

What were the findings of Harlow’s research?

A

monkeys clung to the cloth surrogate mother, rather than wire one, regardless of which dispensed milk. contact comfort important.

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26
Q

What were the findings of Harlow’s research about the maternally deprived monkeys as adults?

A

they grew up socially disfunctional

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27
Q

What was the critical period which Harlow identified?

A

after 90 days, attachments wouldn’t form.

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28
Q

What is a support of Harlow’s research?

A

REAL-WORL VALUE: helps professionals to promote bonding, also applied to zoos and breeding programmes.

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29
Q

Explanations of attachment- learning theory.
What is classical conditioning?

A

caregiver (neutral stimulus) associated with food (unconditioned stimulus). caregiver becomes the conditioned stimulus.

30
Q

Learning theory.
What is operant conditioning?

A

crying behaviour reinforced positively for baby and negatively for caregiver.

31
Q

What does learning theory state about attachment as a secondary drive?

A

attachment becomes a secondary drive through association with hunger.

32
Q

What is a limitation of the learning theory?
(evidence from animal studies)

A

COUNTER-EVIDENCE FROM ANIMAL STUDIES: Lorenz& Harlow showed that feeding is not the key to attachment.

33
Q

What is a limitation of learning theory?
( evidence from studies on humans)

A

COUNTER-EVIDENCE FROM STUDIES ON HUMANS: primary attachment figure not always person who does feeding (Schaffer and Emerson), quality of attachment related to interactional synchrony not feeding (Isabella et al.)

34
Q

What is a support for learning theory?

A

SOME CONDITIONING MAY BE INVOLVED:
conditioning (association with comfort) may influence the choice of primary attachment figure.
COUNTERPOINT: babies are more active in attachment than conditioning, research suggests.

35
Q

Explanations of attachment: Bowlby’s theory.
What did Bowlby state about monotropy?

A

monotropy: one particular attachment is different in quality and importance than others.

-the law of continuity stated that the more constant and predictable a child’s care is, the better the quality of their attachment.

-the law of accumulated separation stated that the effects of every separation from the mother add up and therefore the safest dose is a zero dose.

36
Q

What did Bowlby state about social releasers and the critical period?

A

innate cute behaviours elicit care.

critical period up to 6 months, possibly extending to 2 years.

37
Q

What did Bowlby state about the internal working model?

A

the IWM is a representation of the primary attachment relationship and is a template for future relationships.

38
Q

What is a limitation of Bowlby’s monotropic theory?

A

LACKS VALIDITY: the primary attachment may be stronger, but not different in nature. other attachments provide all the same key qualities.

39
Q

What is a support for Bowlby’s monotropic theory?
(social releasers)

A

SUPPORT FOR SOCIAL RELEASERS: (Brazelton et al.) babies become upset when attachment figure ignored social releasers.

40
Q

What is a support for Bowlby’s monotropic theory?
(IWM)

A

SUPPORT FOR IWM: quality of attachments is passed on through generations ( Bailey et al.)
COUNTERPOINT: ignores other factors (e.g genetic) in social behaviour & parenting (Kornienko)

41
Q

Types of attachment- measuring attachment quality.
What is the procedure of the strange situation?

A

7 stage controlled observation.
Assesses proximity- seeking, exploration and secure base, stranger and separation anxiety, response to reunion.

42
Q

Types of attachment- measuring attachment quality.
What were the findings of the Strange Situation (Types of attachment)?

A

babies show consistent patterns of attachment behaviour.
1) secure- enthusiastic greeting, generally content, moderate anxiety.
2)avoidant- avoids reunion, generally reduced responses.
3) resistant- resists reunion, generally more distressed.

43
Q

What is a support for the Strange Situation?
(good predictive validity)

A

GOOD PREDICTIVE VALIDITY. research shows that attachment type predicts later social behaviour. e.g school success, bullying.
COUNTERPOINT: Kagan suggests behavioural differences due to genetically- influenced anxiety levels.

44
Q

What is a support for the Strange Situation?
(good inter-rater reliability)

A

GOOD INTER-RATER RELIABILITY. 94% agreement between trained observers. procedure takes place under controlled conditions.

45
Q

What is a limitation of the Strange Situation?
(culture bias)

A

THE TEST MAY BE CULTURE BIASED. the strange situation is a western measure, other cultures may have different experiences that affect behaviour in the SS.

46
Q

Cultural variations in attachment. What was the research carried out by Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg?

A

They compared rates of attachment types in 8 countries. They found that more variation exists within the countries.

47
Q

Cultural Variations in attachment.
What are other studies of cultural variations- Simonelli et al.?

A

Italian secure attachment rates dropped to 50%, may be due to increased day care.

48
Q

Cultural Variations in attachment.
What are other studies of cultural variations- Jin et al.?

A

Korean secure vs insecure attachment rates similar to other studies. But insecure-avoidant similar to Japan, could be due to similar child-rearing styles.

49
Q

What can be concluded from the research on cultural variations in attachment?

A

it appears that attachment is innate and universal, and secure attachment is the norm. However, cultural practices can affect the rates of attachment type.

50
Q

What is a support for the research on cultural variations in attachment?

A

INDIGENOUS RESEARCHERS. Grossmann et al. (German) reduces bias and miscommunication with ppt.
COUNTERPOINT. not true of all cross-cultural studies.

51
Q

What is a limitation for the research on cultural variations in attachment?

A

CONFOUNDING VARIABLES. apparent cultural differences may have been due to sample characteristics or environmental differences.

52
Q

Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation.
What did Bowlby find about separation vs deprivation?

A

physical separation only leads to deprivation when the child loses emotional care.

53
Q

Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation.
What did Bowlby find about the critical period?

A

The first 2 1/2 years are critical, and depravation in that time causes damage.

54
Q

Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation.
What did Bowlby find about the effects on development?

A

Bowlby- Deprivation of emotional care leads to affectionless psychopathy.
Goldfarb- deprivation causes low IQ.

55
Q

Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation.
What did Bowlby’s research (44 thieves) find out?

A

many more affectionless psychopaths than controls had prolonged early separations.

56
Q

What is a limitation for Bowlby’s research to support his theory of maternal deprivation?
(biased observer)

A

BOWLBY MAY HAVE BEEN A BIASED OBSERVER. He carried out both the family studies and assessments for affectionless psychopathy. Goldfarb’s study had confounding variables.
COUNTERPOINT: research with rats shows deprivation can harm social development.

57
Q

What is a limitation of Bowlby’s research to support his theory of maternal deprivation?
(deprivation and privation)

A

DEPRIVATION AND PRIVATION: some of the 44 thieves may have been ‘prived’, deprivation may be less damaging.

58
Q

What is a limitation of Bowlby’s research to support his theory of maternal deprivation?
(critical vs sensitive period)

A

CRITICAL VS SENSITIVE PERIOD. Czech twins’ recovery after physical and emotional abuse suggests that the 2 1/2 years identifies by Bowlby as critical are actually a sensitive period.

59
Q

Romanian orphan studies: institutionalisation.
What was Rutter et al’s research?

A

ERA project which studied 165 Romanian orphans adopted in the UK.
It later found that the children had low IQ and disinhibited attachment.

60
Q

Romanian orphan studies: institutionalisation.
What was Ieanah et al’s research?

A

BEI project which found secure attachment in 19% of institutional group and 74% in the control group.
Disinhibited attachment in 44% of the institutional group, and 20% in the controls.

61
Q

Romanian orphan studies: institutionalisation.
What were the effects of institutionalisation discovered by the research conducted?

A

children will experience disinhibited attachment and delay in intellectual development if institutionalisation continues after sensitive period for attachment.

62
Q

Romanian orphan studies: institutionalisation.
What is a support for the research done on institutionalisation?
(real-world application)

A

REAL-WORLD APPLICATION. both institutional care and adoption practice have been improved using lessons from Romanian orphans.

63
Q

Romanian orphan studies: institutionalisation.
What is a support for the research done on institutionalisation?
(few confounding variables)

A

FEW CONFOUNDING VARIABLES. Romanian orphans had fewer negative influences before institutionalisation than for example war orphans.
COUNTERPOINT especially poor conditions in Romanian orphanages could be a confounding variable.

64
Q

Romanian orphan studies: institutionalisation.
What is a limitation for the research done on institutionalisation?
(lack of adult data)

A

LACK OF ADULT DATA: we don’t know the effects of institutional care on adult development.

65
Q

Influence of early attachment on later relationships.
What does the IWM state about the influence?

A

Bowlby’s idea that the primary attachment relationship provides a template for later relationships.

66
Q

Influence of early attachment on later relationships.
What has research found about relationships in childhood?
(Kerns) (Myron-Wilson and Smith)

A

(Kerns) research found that securely attached children have better friendships.

(Myron-Wilson and Smith) found that securely attached children tend to be less involved in bullying.

67
Q

Influence of early attachment on later relationships.
What has research found about relationships in adulthood?

A

-securely attached adults have better relationships with friends and partners.
-secure responders gad better and longer-lasting relationships.
-avoidant responders had a fear of intimacy
-Mother’s attachment type matched that of their mothers and their babies.

68
Q

Influence of early attachment on later relationships.
What is a support of the findings of the influence?
(research support)

A

RESEARCH SUPPOR. research carried out showed consistent links e.g disorganised type and mental disorder.
COUNTERPOINT: longitudinal study found no continuity in attachment type from 1 to 16 years old.

69
Q

Influence of early attachment on later relationships.
What is a limitation of the research carried out?
(validity issues with retrospective studies)

A

VALIDITIY ISSUES WITH RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES: self-report answers not always honest, and assumes that attachment type has remained the same into adulthood.

70
Q

Influence of early attachment on later relationships.
What is a limitation on the research carried out?
(confounding variables)

A

associations between attachment type and later development may be due to parenting style or genes.

Psychology (9 decks)

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