Attachment 1

Question 1

Animal studies of attachment: Lorenz A03

Answer 1

Influential - bowlbys monotropic theory
Generalisability to humans - mammalian attachment is different from that in birds, two way process, mum shows emotion, complex brain
Contradictory evidence- Guiton chickens imprinted on yellow gloves tried to mate but eventually learnt to prefer chickens so imprinting on mating is reversible

Question 2

Animals studies: Lorenz procedure and aim

Answer 2

procedure: half hatched eggs with mother and incubator as Lorenz as first moving object
observed imprinting and measured attachment

Question 3

Animal studies Lorenz findings

Answer 3

•Incubator group follows lorenz, control followed mother even when mixed
•imprinting cannot form if not formed within critical period of a few hours
•sexual imprinting depends on original attachment

Question 4

The role of the father A03

Answer 4

*Conflicting evidence- Grossman found fathers are important but fatherless kids are fine
*Real-world application- applications for maternity was could be split and no impact on the child, less parental anxiety
*Biological explanations- females have more oestrogen makes them more suitable to be a PAF

Question 5

Schaffers stages of attachment

Answer 5

1. asocial behaviour (first few weeks) - similar behaviour to humans and objects
2. Indiscriminate (2-7 months) - show preference, no anxiety
3. Specific (7 months) - display anxiety, form PAF
4. Multiple (1+yrs) 29% had secondary attachment within a month of PAF.
   *60 Glasgow babies, visited every month for 12m then once at 18m

Question 6

Schaffers stages of attachment A03

Answer 6

*Good external validity- observation by parents in everyday activities reported, natural but mothers may not be accurate
*Problems with asocial stage- difficult to measure, immobile babies
*Methodological problems
*Real-world application- used in day care as unfamiliar adults = problems

Question 7

The role of the father - Field (procedure, findings and conclusion)

Answer 7

Procedure: filmed 4 month year old babies interaction with primary and secondary caregiver
Findings: fathers can be PA, if fathers were PAF they displaced higher levels of sensitive responsiveness which helped develop the attachment
*Behaviour is more important than sex of parent

Question 8

Bowlby’s monotropic theory of attachment. A03

Answer 8

*Validity challenged, Schaffer and Emerson, multiple attachments, stronger but not different, incorrect that there is a unique quality to PAF
*Support for social releasers, Brazelton observed baby and mum interactions asked mum to ignore social releasers caused babies to become distressed curl up lay motionless, shows importance
*support for IWM, Bailey measured 99 mums and 1 year old and mothers attachments to their own PAF, found that mum with poor attachment to own PAF likely to have poor attached babies, mums ability to form attachments to own babies influenced by IWM

Question 9

Influence of early attachment on childhood and adult relationships A03

Answer 9

*Further support for IWM - Feeney and Noller carried similar study, secure had long relationships
*Deterministic- experiences of happy relationship despite not securely attached infants
*Methodological issues- no cause and effect may be third factor

Question 10

The role of the father- Grossman

Answer 10

Longitudinal study looking at parents’ behaviour and relationship to quality of later attachments
Mothers attachment is related, fathers are less important
Quality of fathers play with infants was related to quality of later attachment, responsible for play
Fathers different roles to nurturing

Question 11

Influence of early attachment on later relationships

Answer 11

IWM first attachment is template for future relationships
procedure: Love Quiz, US newspaper analysed 620 responses aged 14-83.
Findings: strong correlation, secure attachment = stable relationship, insecure-avoidant = fear of intimacy, insecure resistance= obsessive

Question 12

Bowblys theory of maternal deprivation A03

Answer 12

*Goldfarb supports but flawed evidence, 44 thieves conducted by bowlby(open to bias), goldfarb had confounding variables (trauma)
*critical vs sensitive period, not inevitable as Ctezh twins (Koluchova) had severe psychological and physical abuse from 18m to 7yr but made up for it with good care recovered in teens, lasting harm is not inevitable, sensitive not critical period
*deprivation vs privation, rutter said deprivation is forming attachment then leaving and privation is not forming, goldfarb may be prived, Bowlby overestimates seriousness of deprivation

Question 13

Animal study of attachment : Harlow A01 procedure findings ect.

Answer 13

Procedure: reared 16 baby monkeys with 2 wired mums. one with cloth and milk, one wire. Measured time spent with each other and observed them scared
Findings: milk didn’t matter, always preferred comfort.
Critical period- 90 days after this deprivation = irreversible. maternal deprivation = monkeys with wired mums were most dysfunctional, more aggressive, less social, unskilled at mating and abused kids.

Question 14

Schaffers stage of attachment A01- Schaffer and Emerson

Answer 14

Procedure: *early attachment on 60 Glasgow working-class babies *visited once a month for 12 months then 18 months and interviewed mothers
Findings: *specific attachment at 40 weeks
*30% had multiple attachments
Attachment had developed through series of stage

Question 15

Animals studies: Harlow A03

Answer 15

*Practical application- understand risk for deprivation and impact of breeding for monkeys in activity
*Ethical issues- monkeys suffered psychological changes
*Generalisability to humans- monkey more similar than geese they have different biological make up

Question 16

Learning explanation of attachment A01

Answer 16

*classical conditioning- caregiver (NS) paired with food (US) to bring pleasure (CR)
*Operant conditioning- learning through reinforcement, care giver rewards baby by feeding, crying reinforces baby to give food

Question 17

Learning explanations of attachment A03

Answer 17

*some conditioning may be involved, associate feeling of warmth and comfort with particular adult so influence child, may b useful
*Alternative explanations- revolutionary factors, ignores Bowlbys monotropic is more comprehensive and behaviours are innate not learnt
*counter-evidence from animal studies- harlows monkey suggests food isn’t most important, Lorenz is first moving object, nothing to do with food, challenges validity of research
*counter-evidence from human studies, Emerson and Schaffer formed attachment to mother regardless of food, Isabella found levels of interactional synchrony predicted quality of attachment not food, food is not main factor

Question 18

Bowlby’s monotropic theory of attachment A01

Answer 18

*Adaptive- increases infants chances of survival
*social releasers- behaviour that elicits a cargiving= attachments
*critical period- attachment can be developed if its not possible (2-2 1/2yrs)
*monotropy- PAF is of special significance
*IWM- templates for future relationships serves as model

Question 19

Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation A01

Answer 19

*Critical period-30 months (2 and a half yrs), absent mother for long period= damage psychological
*effects on intellectual development= low IQ
*“on emotional development”= affection less psychopathy
*Bowlbys 44 thieves case study, examined link between affectionless psychopaths and maternal deprivation, families and teens interviewed, compared to control 44non criminals=emotionally disturbed, 14 thieves= affectionless psychopaths, 12/14 had experienced prolonged separation
*long term separation has harmful consequences

Question 20

Cultural variations in attachment A01

Answer 20

Van Ijzendoorn: meta-analysis of the SS, combined findings of 32 studies from 8 countries
Findings: 1. secure 75% in UK and 50% in China
2. insecure-avoidant high in Germany (Individualist)
3. insecure-resistant high in Japan (collectivist)
*secure most common (attachment is universal and innate)
*differences between countries were small but big within cultures

Question 21

Cultural variations in attachment A01
Korean study

Answer 21

Jin assessed 87 children using SS.
Found babies were secure, most were insecure with 1 avoidant similar to Van findings in Japan= similar child rearing techniques

Question 22

Care giver infant interaction in humans A01

Answer 22

*reciprocity; turn-taking interactions by Fieldman, mums responds to Childs alertness 2/3 of the time and babies have active involvement
*interactional synchrony- respond in time coordination, to sustain communication by Meltzoff and Moore observed and recored 2 yr olds, starts at 2 weeks
*Isabella found that high synchrony = high quality of attachment

Question 23

Attachment

Answer 23

two way convo emotional bond,

Question 24

Care giver interactions in humans A03

Answer 24

*High control- filmed= high validity, no demand characteristic
*difficulty observing babies - babies are immobile, small movements, dk their pov
*developmental importance, giving names to patterns of babies, maybe not b useful dk purpose

Question 25

Cultural variations in attachment A03

Answer 25

*representative sample- Ijendorm and Kroonberg used 2000 babies and their parents= high internal validity, less impact of anomalous results
*Imposed etic- SS is American so no appropriate to measure attachment for all cultures, lack of affection=diff meanings
*confounding variables, not matched for methodology, sample characteristics, environmental variables confound results
*Indigenous researchers, same cultural background, avoids language difficulties and stereotypes BUT Efe of Zaire had American researcher so not all studies

Question 26

The role of the father Emerson and Schaffer A01

Answer 26

*babies attach to mum first, majority attach to mum at 7 months, 3% attach to father, 27% = joint attachment
*within few weeks/ months form secondary (fathers)
*75% formed attachment with father at 18m, important attachment figure, protested when they left

Question 27

The SS and types of attachment A01

Answer 27

Ainsworth 100 middle class mum and baby, controlled observation through 2 way mirror to measure separation and stranger anxiety, secure base, reunion, exploration 7 episodes, lasts 3min
Findings: securely attached 75%
insecure-avoidant- 25%
insecure-resistant- 12%

Question 28

The SS and types of attachment A03

Answer 28

*easy to replicate- controlled, large movements, good reliability- inter-rated reliability 94% agreement(Bick)
*culture-bound- culture bias, same method no appropriate for all bc of different child rearing, different experiences affect responses, Takahashi doing high levels of insecure resistance bc Japan not likely for mum separation
*good predictive validity, secure=successsful academically and less bullying, better mental health (Ward), others have worse outcomes, real and meaningful BUT genes affect anxiety not measuring attachment
*Ethical issues- child under deliberate stress, distress for mum is child is insecurely attached

Question 29

Romanian orphan studies and effects of institutionalisation A01 Rutters romanian

Answer 29

procedure: ERA followed 165 orphans to test how good care makes up for poor early experiences, assessed for physical, emotional and cognitive development at 4,6,11 and 15 yrs also had a British control group
findings; show variation related to age of adoption
children adopted after 6 months =disinhibited attachment than those adopted before, clinginess attention seeking

Question 30

Romanian orphan studies and effect on institutionalisation A01 Zeanah

Answer 30

procedure: experimental group- 95 children with most time and control was 50 children never in institutional care
Attachment type tested by Ss And parents asked for behaviours ie clingy
findings: 74 of control were securely but only 19% of experimental
65%disorganised

Question 31

Institutionalisation A03

Answer 31

*Real world Application - improvement in experience by looked after children, avoid large number of caregivers, 1/2 max for emotional care, considerable effort foster kids
*Fewer confounding variables, studies before had children with trauma from war, in this case children were handed from loving parents who couldn’t afford to keep them, but quality in there was poor
*lack of adult data, do not know long term effects so cannot answer questions regarding lifetime prevalence of mental health problems and success in forming adult relationships/ parental, long time, could catch up

Question 32

influence of early attachment on later relationship A03

Answer 32

*Research support review of Fearon and Roisman showed consistent links eg disorganised type and mental disorders
*Validity issues with retrospective studies, self report not always honest and assumes attachment has remained the same throughout adulthood
*confounding variable, association between attachment types and later development may be due to parenting style or genes
*balancing opportunity and risk, knowing early attachment could cause self fulfilling prophecies

Question 33

Effects of institutionalisation

Answer 33

*Disinhibited attachment, friendly to family and strangers, unusual as in second year showed stranger anxiety, Rutter explained as adaptation to live with multiple caregivers during sensitive period, in institutions had 50 caregivers so couldn’t form one secure attachment
*Intellectual disability, can be recovered if care given before 6m