Approaches 2

Question 1

evaluate biological

Answer 1

•reliable data
•psychoactive drugs
•nature vs nuture
•deterministic e.g criminal gene

Question 2

evaluate behaviourist

Answer 2

•token economy system
•scientific credibility
•ethical issues
•focus on nuture no free will

Question 3

evaluate SLT

Answer 3

•cultural differences
•cognitive factors
•ignored biological factors
•over reliant on lab studies
•reciprocal determinism

Question 4

evaluate cognitive

Answer 4

•artificial intelligence
•scientific, neuroscience, 2 approaches = rigorous basis
•machine reductionism
• low validity, abstract and theoretical - inference
•soft determinism

Question 5

evaluate psychodynamic

Answer 5

• explanatory power - childhood and explains weirdos
• psychoanalysis, dealing with unconscious conflicts
•untestable concepts
•Little Hans (abnormal) can’t be generalised

Question 6

evaluate humanistic

Answer 6

•non reductionist (holism)
•positive approach
•cultural bias
•limited application little impact but revolutionised therapy
•untestable concepts

Question 7

define interfere

Answer 7

going beyond immediate evidence to make assumptions about mental processes that cannot be directly observed

Question 8

why genotype will not reveal partly inherited diseases?

Answer 8

•generic test reveals genotype not phenotype
•only reveal his set of genes and dispositions but not interaction with environment or if he will develop the disease
• environmental factors contribute to the disorder

Question 9

wundts role in development of psychology

Answer 9

•”father of psychology” - philosophical to controlled
• psychology lab in Germany 1879
• introspection to study mental processes
systematic analysis of conscious experience of stimulus, sensation, feelings and imagines e.g metronome
•paved way for later controlled research and study of mental processes (cognitive)

Question 10

Outline skinners research into reinforcement

Answer 10

•skinner box- conditioned rats to press lever for the reward of food
•positive reinforcement- repeated behaviour for reward
• people learn based on consequences of their actions

Question 11

advantages and disadvantages to schema

Answer 11

•helps us predict what will happen in the world based on our experiences ie avoid hot studs bc it burns you
•leads to perceptual erros and inaccurate memories ie not studying bc you failed last test

Question 12

describe the structure of the personality

Answer 12

•ID= “pleasure principle”, selfish irrational and emotional, unconscious mind, birth -18months
•Ego=“reality principle”, rational and balancing superego and ID l, conscious mind, 18months-3years
•Superego=“morality principle”, moral guide, based on parental and societal values, unconscious mind, 3-6 yrs

Question 13

Outline Humanistic

Answer 13

•third force of psychology
•free will- active agents, self determining
•Maslows hierarchy of needs (5)
•self-actualisation- innate tendency to want to reach your potential
•self, congruence and conditions of worth
•counselling psychology, rogers: genuine empathetic, unconditional positive regard

Question 14

Outline the cognitive

Answer 14

•internal mental processes studied through inference
•schemas- mental shortcuts but perceptual erros
•theoretical (MSM) and computer model- info process. -Artificial intelligence
•cognitive neuroscience, how brain structure affects mental processes, brain mapping and fingerprint

Question 15

explain why humanistic have rejected scientific method

Answer 15

•person can exercise free will but science has deterministic principles
•human views as a whole (holism) but science is reductionist
• self actualisation has no object measure

Question 16

outline and evaluate behaviour

Answer 16

•classical- Pavlov, puppy, treats phobias but ethical issues
•operant- Skinners box, token economy system
AO3: scientific credibility but over simplified, deterministic controlled by past experiences

Question 17

Outline learning

Answer 17

•Bandura bobo dolls- learn through experience, mediation all processes and identification and vicarious reinforcement

Question 18

evaluate learning

Answer 18

•comprehensive explanation (cognitive) but lil biological factors
•lab studies semana characteristics
•explains cultural differences

Question 19

outline biological

Answer 19

•everything psychological is biological at first
• neurochemical basis of behaviour- chemical transmitters
•genetic basis of behaviour -concordance rates between MZ and DZ twins show gb of psychological characteristics
•genotype and phenotype
•evolution and natural selection

Question 20

outline psychodynamic

Answer 20

•behaviour determined by unconscious forces, cannot control
•unconscious- tipo of iceberg, conscious and preconscience
•structure of personality- ID, ego and superego
•psychosexual stages - fixation
•defence mechanisms- denial repression and displacement

Question 21

outline a psychodynamic explanation for development of superego and how it affects moral behaviour

Answer 21

•identification with same sex parent in the phallic stage and internalise their moral standards
•unconscious conflict of the ID impulses and threatening superego, guilt ego operates to reward good behaviour

Question 22

emergence of psychology as a science A01 and A03