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Cardiovascular > atrial and pulmonary stretch receptors > Flashcards

atrial and pulmonary stretch receptors Flashcards

1
Q

where are stretch receptors?

A

atria
pulmonary arteries
pulmonary veins
right atrium
superior and inferior vena cava

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2
Q

which receptors respond to lower pressures?

A

cardiopulmonary stretch receptors

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3
Q

role of cardiopulmonary stretch receptors?

A

regulate blood volume (which in turn regulates cardiac output and then blood pressure)

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4
Q

effect of a drop in venous blood pressure on atrial pressure

A

atrial pressure decreases

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5
Q

what happens to the stimulation of cardiopulmonary stretch receptors when atrial blood pressure falls?

A

decreased stimulation

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6
Q

what is the relationship between ADH and cardiopulmonary stretch receptors?

A

a decrease in cardiopulmonary stretch receptor stimulation causes ADH release

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7
Q

where is ADH released?

A

hypothalamus

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8
Q

what is the effect of ADH?

A

fluid from renal tubules is reabsorbed

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9
Q

what causes the afferent renal arterioles to constrict?

A

a reflex triggered by a drop in cardiopulmonary stimulation

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10
Q

what is the effect of vasoconstriction of afferent renal arterioles?

A

glomerular filtration rate is reduced

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11
Q

how doe ADH and a reduction in glomerular filtration rate act to increase blood volume?

A

reduce fluid loss to the urine

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12
Q

how does ADH increase total peripheral resistance?

A

vasoconstriction

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13
Q

what is the set point for MAP?

A

100mmHG

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14
Q

when barroreceptors are denervated, what happens to the MAP

A

the peak remains the same but there is a larger range

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15
Q

what happens to the peak arterial pressure when baroreceptors and cardiopulmonary receptors are denervated?

A

peak MAP increases
larger range

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16
Q

where are chemoreceptors?

A

carotid and aortic bodies

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17
Q

which metabolites are chemoreceptors sensitive to?

A

oxygen carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions

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18
Q

what roles do chemoreceptors have

A

respiratory and cardiovascular regulation

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19
Q

which states stimulate chemoreceptors?

A

hypoxia hypercapnia and acidosis

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20
Q

what process do chemoreceptors stimulate?

A

sympathetically-mediated peripheral vasoconstriction

21
Q

what effect does chemoreceptor simulation have on heart rate and depth of breathing?

A

increase

22
Q

what does the lung inflation reflex trigger?

A

increase in heart rate and small vasodilation

23
Q

how does chemoreceptor simulation lead to an increase in MAP?

A

increasing cardiac output and TPR

24
Q

what pathologies are chemoreceptors particularly important in?

A

asphyxia or major haemorrhage

25
Q

what kind of effect do neural reflexes have on MAP?

A

short time

26
Q

describe the lasting effect of blood volume in determining arterial pressure

A

long term

27
Q

which organ is involved in blood volume regulation

A

kidney

28
Q

a small increase in renal arterial pressure has what effect on urine output and glomerular filtration?

A

large increase

29
Q

which system controls the relationship between arterial pressure and urine output?

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

30
Q

what stimulates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

A

decrease in blood volume or renal blood flow

31
Q

what does the kidney release in response to drop in blood pressure?

A

renin

32
Q

renin converts angiotensinogen into what?

A

angiotensin 1

33
Q

what is the role of ACE?

A

converts angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2

34
Q

what is the effect of angiotensin 2?

A

increases thirst and vasoconstriction
aldosterone release

35
Q

where is aldosterone released

A

kidney

36
Q

how does aldosteorne increase blood pressure

A

increases salt and water retention therefore more water is absorbed

37
Q

what drugs are used to treat hypertension?

A

ACE inhibitors

38
Q

vasoconstriction has what effect on TPR?

A

increases

39
Q

what effect does increase in blood volume have on cardiac output?

A

increases

40
Q

how does adrenaline increase cardiac output?

A

through increasing stroke volume and heart rate

41
Q

effect of sympathetic innervation from preganglionic fibres?

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline release

42
Q

which receptors mediate the effect of adrenaline?

A

beta adrenoreceptors

43
Q

adrenaline targets of action:

A

SAN
ventricular muscle

44
Q

how does noradrenaline increase

A

raising TPR via vasoconstriction via alpha adrenoreceptors

45
Q

what is the effect of ANP on MAP?

A

decrease

46
Q

how does ANP decrease MAP?

A

vasodilation and increasing excretion of sodium in the kidneys

47
Q

describe the release of ANP

A

atrial cells release ANP when cardiac filling pressures are high

48
Q

why does NO have little effect on MAP?

A

acts locally

Cardiovascular (7 decks)

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