atrial and pulmonary stretch receptors

Question 1

where are stretch receptors?

Answer 1

atria
pulmonary arteries
pulmonary veins
right atrium
superior and inferior vena cava

Question 2

which receptors respond to lower pressures?

Answer 2

cardiopulmonary stretch receptors

Question 3

role of cardiopulmonary stretch receptors?

Answer 3

regulate blood volume (which in turn regulates cardiac output and then blood pressure)

Question 4

effect of a drop in venous blood pressure on atrial pressure

Answer 4

atrial pressure decreases

Question 5

what happens to the stimulation of cardiopulmonary stretch receptors when atrial blood pressure falls?

Answer 5

decreased stimulation

Question 6

what is the relationship between ADH and cardiopulmonary stretch receptors?

Answer 6

a decrease in cardiopulmonary stretch receptor stimulation causes ADH release

Question 7

where is ADH released?

Answer 7

hypothalamus

Question 8

what is the effect of ADH?

Answer 8

fluid from renal tubules is reabsorbed

Question 9

what causes the afferent renal arterioles to constrict?

Answer 9

a reflex triggered by a drop in cardiopulmonary stimulation

Question 10

what is the effect of vasoconstriction of afferent renal arterioles?

Answer 10

glomerular filtration rate is reduced

Question 11

how doe ADH and a reduction in glomerular filtration rate act to increase blood volume?

Answer 11

reduce fluid loss to the urine

Question 12

how does ADH increase total peripheral resistance?

Answer 12

vasoconstriction

Question 13

what is the set point for MAP?

Answer 13

100mmHG

Question 14

when barroreceptors are denervated, what happens to the MAP

Answer 14

the peak remains the same but there is a larger range

Question 15

what happens to the peak arterial pressure when baroreceptors and cardiopulmonary receptors are denervated?

Answer 15

peak MAP increases
larger range

Question 16

where are chemoreceptors?

Answer 16

carotid and aortic bodies

Question 17

which metabolites are chemoreceptors sensitive to?

Answer 17

oxygen carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions

Question 18

what roles do chemoreceptors have

Answer 18

respiratory and cardiovascular regulation

Question 19

which states stimulate chemoreceptors?

Answer 19

hypoxia hypercapnia and acidosis

Question 20

what process do chemoreceptors stimulate?

Answer 20

sympathetically-mediated peripheral vasoconstriction

Question 21

what effect does chemoreceptor simulation have on heart rate and depth of breathing?

Answer 21

increase

Question 22

what does the lung inflation reflex trigger?

Answer 22

increase in heart rate and small vasodilation

Question 23

how does chemoreceptor simulation lead to an increase in MAP?

Answer 23

increasing cardiac output and TPR

Question 24

what pathologies are chemoreceptors particularly important in?

Answer 24

asphyxia or major haemorrhage

Question 25

what kind of effect do neural reflexes have on MAP?

Answer 25

short time

Question 26

describe the lasting effect of blood volume in determining arterial pressure

Answer 26

long term

Question 27

which organ is involved in blood volume regulation

Answer 27

kidney

Question 28

a small increase in renal arterial pressure has what effect on urine output and glomerular filtration?

Answer 28

large increase

Question 29

which system controls the relationship between arterial pressure and urine output?

Answer 29

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Question 30

what stimulates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Answer 30

decrease in blood volume or renal blood flow

Question 31

what does the kidney release in response to drop in blood pressure?

Answer 31

renin

Question 32

renin converts angiotensinogen into what?

Answer 32

angiotensin 1

Question 33

what is the role of ACE?

Answer 33

converts angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2

Question 34

what is the effect of angiotensin 2?

Answer 34

increases thirst and vasoconstriction aldosterone release

Question 35

where is aldosterone released

Answer 35

kidney

Question 36

how does aldosteorne increase blood pressure

Answer 36

increases salt and water retention therefore more water is absorbed

Question 37

what drugs are used to treat hypertension?

Answer 37

ACE inhibitors

Question 38

vasoconstriction has what effect on TPR?

Answer 38

increases

Question 39

what effect does increase in blood volume have on cardiac output?

Answer 39

increases

Question 40

how does adrenaline increase cardiac output?

Answer 40

through increasing stroke volume and heart rate

Question 41

effect of sympathetic innervation from preganglionic fibres?

Answer 41

adrenaline and noradrenaline release

Question 42

which receptors mediate the effect of adrenaline?

Answer 42

beta adrenoreceptors

Question 43

adrenaline targets of action:

Answer 43

SAN ventricular muscle

Question 44

how does noradrenaline increase

Answer 44

raising TPR via vasoconstriction via alpha adrenoreceptors

Question 45

what is the effect of ANP on MAP?

Answer 45

decrease

Question 46

how does ANP decrease MAP?

Answer 46

vasodilation and increasing excretion of sodium in the kidneys

Question 47

describe the release of ANP

Answer 47

atrial cells release ANP when cardiac filling pressures are high

Question 48

why does NO have little effect on MAP?

Answer 48

acts locally