Atoms, Ions, & Molecules and proteins

Question 1

Matter

Answer 1

Any substance that occupies space & mass

Question 2

Elements

Answer 2

Forms of matter with specific chemical & physical properties. Can NOT be broken down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions.

Question 3

What are the 6 types of elements

Answer 3

Carbon (c), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), Sulphur (S), and Phosphorous (P)

Question 4

Structure of an atom and the exception

Answer 4

Nucleus in the center which contains protons and neutrons. Outer region holds electrons which orbit around the nucleus.

Exception- hydrogen has no neutrons, 1 proton and 1 electron.

Question 5

Proton, Neutron, and electron charges

Answer 5

Protons-positively charged
Neutrons- uncharged
Electrons- negative

Question 6

In uncharged atoms:

Answer 6

The number of electrons = the number of protons.

The number of neutrons is variable = isotopes

Question 7

Atomic # and mass

Answer 7

Atomic # is the # of protons which = the number of electrons
Mass#= the number of protons & neutrons
Mass= the mean of the mass #

Question 8

Covalent bond

Answer 8

When atoms combine by sharing electrons

Question 9

Polar covalent bond

Answer 9

Unequally share electrons, more attracted to one than the other. Example= water

Question 10

Non polar covalent bond

Answer 10

Share electrons equally

Question 11

Cations

Answer 11

positive ions formed by losing electrons

Question 12

Anions

Answer 12

Negative ions by gaining electrons. End in “ide”. Chlorine-chloride

Question 13

When the ion has a charge

Answer 13

The number of protons does not equal the number of electrons

Question 14

Hydrogen bond

Answer 14

Weaker bond than covalent. Water.

Question 15

Hydrophilic

Answer 15

A polar substance that interacts readily with or dissolves in water.

Question 16

Hydrophobic

Answer 16

Non polar molecules do not interact well with water (oil), water fearing.

Question 17

Polar

Answer 17

The distributions of electrons is not distributed evenly. One end of the molecule is slightly positive, the other slightly negative.

Question 18

Solvent

Answer 18

Water binds to itself surrounding the ions or polar molecules and dissolving them

Question 19

Cohesion

Answer 19

H20 molecules attract to each other-keeping the molecules together at the liquid-gas interface. (Surface tension)

Question 20

Adhesion

Answer 20

H20 more attracted to the container than itself, climbs up the glass. Capillary action.

Question 21

Proteins

Answer 21

May be structural, regulatory, contractile. May serve in transport, storage or membranes. May be toxins or enzymes. They are long chains of amino acids

Question 22

Enzyme

Answer 22

Living cells produce them, they’re catalysts (increase rate of) in biochemical reactions. Example= digestion

Question 23

Catabolic

Answer 23

Break down, same thing as hydrolysis

Question 24

Anabolic

Answer 24

Building up, same thing as dehydration synthesis

Question 25

Hormones

Answer 25

Small proteins or steroids, chemical signaling molecules

Question 26

Protein shape

Answer 26

Is critical. Different arrangements of the sane 20 types of amino acids make all proteins.

Question 27

Denaturation

Answer 27

Permanent changes to protein shape-loss of function. Sometimes is reversible, sometimes not.

Question 28

Amino acids

Answer 28

Monomers that comprise proteins.
They all have asymmetrical carbon chains attached to amino, carbonyl, and hydrogen atoms and side chain (R)
(R) is different in each amino acid.
9 essential amino acids to humans
(R) chain determines nature (acidic, basic, polar, non polar)

Question 29

Primary structure

Answer 29

Sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide bond

Question 30

Secondary structure (protein)

Answer 30

Local folding of polypeptide in some regions. (Bonds between R groups)

Question 31

Tertiary structure

Answer 31

Polypeptides unique three dimensional structure. Held together by bonds between (R). Once bonded they’re proteins.

Question 32

Quarternary structure

Answer 32

Proteins consisting of 2 or more polypeptide chains