Atoms, Ions, & Molecules and proteins Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

Any substance that occupies space & mass

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2
Q

Elements

A

Forms of matter with specific chemical & physical properties. Can NOT be broken down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions.

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3
Q

What are the 6 types of elements

A

Carbon (c), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), Sulphur (S), and Phosphorous (P)

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4
Q

Structure of an atom and the exception

A

Nucleus in the center which contains protons and neutrons. Outer region holds electrons which orbit around the nucleus.

Exception- hydrogen has no neutrons, 1 proton and 1 electron.

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5
Q

Proton, Neutron, and electron charges

A

Protons-positively charged
Neutrons- uncharged
Electrons- negative

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6
Q

In uncharged atoms:

A

The number of electrons = the number of protons.

The number of neutrons is variable = isotopes

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7
Q

Atomic # and mass

A

Atomic # is the # of protons which = the number of electrons
Mass#= the number of protons & neutrons
Mass= the mean of the mass #

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8
Q

Covalent bond

A

When atoms combine by sharing electrons

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9
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

Unequally share electrons, more attracted to one than the other. Example= water

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10
Q

Non polar covalent bond

A

Share electrons equally

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11
Q

Cations

A

positive ions formed by losing electrons

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12
Q

Anions

A

Negative ions by gaining electrons. End in “ide”. Chlorine-chloride

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13
Q

When the ion has a charge

A

The number of protons does not equal the number of electrons

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14
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Weaker bond than covalent. Water.

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15
Q

Hydrophilic

A

A polar substance that interacts readily with or dissolves in water.

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16
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Non polar molecules do not interact well with water (oil), water fearing.

17
Q

Polar

A

The distributions of electrons is not distributed evenly. One end of the molecule is slightly positive, the other slightly negative.

18
Q

Solvent

A

Water binds to itself surrounding the ions or polar molecules and dissolving them

19
Q

Cohesion

A

H20 molecules attract to each other-keeping the molecules together at the liquid-gas interface. (Surface tension)

20
Q

Adhesion

A

H20 more attracted to the container than itself, climbs up the glass. Capillary action.

21
Q

Proteins

A

May be structural, regulatory, contractile. May serve in transport, storage or membranes. May be toxins or enzymes. They are long chains of amino acids

22
Q

Enzyme

A

Living cells produce them, they’re catalysts (increase rate of) in biochemical reactions. Example= digestion

23
Q

Catabolic

A

Break down, same thing as hydrolysis

24
Q

Anabolic

A

Building up, same thing as dehydration synthesis

25
Q

Hormones

A

Small proteins or steroids, chemical signaling molecules

26
Q

Protein shape

A

Is critical. Different arrangements of the sane 20 types of amino acids make all proteins.

27
Q

Denaturation

A

Permanent changes to protein shape-loss of function. Sometimes is reversible, sometimes not.

28
Q

Amino acids

A

Monomers that comprise proteins.
They all have asymmetrical carbon chains attached to amino, carbonyl, and hydrogen atoms and side chain (R)
(R) is different in each amino acid.
9 essential amino acids to humans
(R) chain determines nature (acidic, basic, polar, non polar)

29
Q

Primary structure

A

Sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide bond

30
Q

Secondary structure (protein)

A

Local folding of polypeptide in some regions. (Bonds between R groups)

31
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Polypeptides unique three dimensional structure. Held together by bonds between (R). Once bonded they’re proteins.

32
Q

Quarternary structure

A

Proteins consisting of 2 or more polypeptide chains