ATI Chapter 40: Mobility and Immobility Flashcards
what is mobility?
-is freedom and independence in purposeful movement
-refers to adapting to and having self-awareness of the environment
-Functional musculoskeletal and nervous systems are essential for mobility
what immobility?
-inability to move freely and independently at will
-Periods of immobility or prolonged bed rest can cause major physiological and psychosocial effects
what is cutaneous stimulation in the form of cold and heat helps?
-applications helps to relieve pain and promotes healing. -Promoting venous return is another key component of reducing the complications of immobility
immobility can be the following:
-Temporary (following knee arthroplasty)
-Permanent (paraplegia)
-Sudden onset (a fractured arm and leg following a motor-vehicle crash)
-Slow onset (multiple sclerosis)
what is body mechanics?
involve coordination between the musculoskeletal and nervous systems and the use of alignment, balance, gravity, and friction
what is ROM
range of motion (ROM)
factors affecting mobility
Alterations in muscles
Injury to the musculoskeletal system
Poor posture
Impaired central nervous system
Health status and age
what is ischemia
a condition in which blood flow (and thus oxygen) is restricted or reduced in a part of the body
immobility on integumentary
-Increased pressure on skin, which is aggravated by metabolic changes
-Decreased circulation to tissue, causing ischemia, which can lead to pressure injury
respiratory on immobility
-Decreased respiratory movement resulting in decreased oxygenation and carbon dioxide exchange
-Stasis of secretions and decreased and weakened respiratory muscles, resulting in atelectasis and hypostatic pneumonia
-Decreased cough response
immobility on cardiovascular
-Orthostatic hypotension
-Less fluid volume in the circulatory system
-Stasis of blood in the legs
-Diminished autonomic response
-Decreased cardiac output, leading to poor cardiac effectiveness, which results in increased cardiac workload
-Increased oxygenation requirement
-Increased risk of thrombus development
immobility on metabolic
-Altered endocrine system
-Decreased basal metabolic rate
-Changes in protein, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism
-Decreased appetite with altered nutritional intake
-Negative nitrogen balance
-Decreased protein resulting in loss of muscle
-Loss of weight
-Alterations in calcium, fluid, and electrolytes
-Resorption of calcium from bones
-Decreased urinary elimination of calcium, resulting in hypercalcemia
immobility on GU and GI systems
Genitourinary:
-Urinary stasis
-Change in calcium metabolism with hypercalcemia, resulting in renal calculi
-Decreased fluid intake and increased use of indwelling urinary catheters, resulting in urinary tract infections
Gastrointestinal:
-Decreased peristalsis
-Decreased fluid intake
-Constipation, increasing the risk for fecal impaction
immobility on musculoskeletal
-Decreased muscle endurance, strength, and mass
-Impaired balance
-Atrophy of muscles
-Decreased stability
-Altered calcium metabolism
-Osteoporosis
-Pathological fractures
-Contractures
-Foot drop
-Altered joint mobility
immobility on neurologic/psychosocial
-Altered sensory perception
-Ineffective coping
-Changes in Emotional Status: Depression, alteration in self-concept, and anxiety
-Behavioral Changes: Withdrawal, altered sleep/wake pattern, hostility, inappropriate laughter, and passivity