Atherosclerosis

Question 1

____ is a disease of the intima of large and medium sized arteries

Answer 1

atherosclerosis

Question 2

common arteries affected by atherosclerosis

Answer 2

coronary arteries within the first 6 cm, descending aorta, arteries of lower extremities, internal carotid arteries, circle of willis

Question 3

the initial lesion that starts the process of atherosclerosis is called a _____

Answer 3

fatty streak

Question 4

which factors may damage the epithelium in the first event of atherosclerosis

Answer 4

hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, homocysteinurea

Question 5

what happens once the epithelium is initially damaged

Answer 5

it is easier for the small LDL particles to enter beneath the endothelium into the extracellular matrix

Question 6

the LDL that enters into the subendothelial space is ______

Answer 6

oxidized

Question 7

_______ is a key event in the atherosclerotic process

Answer 7

oxidation of LDL

Question 8

oxidation of LDL leads to the formation of other chemicals called chemoattractants that attract _____

Answer 8

monocytes

Question 9

monocytes mature to become _____

Answer 9

macrophages

Question 10

macrophages do not ordinarily take up LDL because _____

Answer 10

they lack LDL receptors

Question 11

why can the macrophages take up oxidized LDL

Answer 11

oxidation changes LDL particles so that they are now recognized as abnormal and bind to macrophage scavenger receptors

Question 12

when macrophages take up more and more LDL, they become bloated and are called _____

Answer 12

foam cells

Question 13

when the foam cells die, they leave ______

Answer 13

deposits of cholesterol esters and cell debris

Question 14

the second major stage in the atherosclerotic process is the development of _____

Answer 14

fibrous plaques

Question 15

smooth muscle cells undergo phenotypic changes, proliferate, and form a _____ at the site of the initial endothelial lesion

Answer 15

fibrous cap

Question 16

smooth muscle cells form an extracellular matrix of _______

Answer 16

collagen, elastin, proteoglycans

Question 17

within the cap is a necrotic pore of ____

Answer 17

calcium deposits, cell debris and cholesterol esters from dead macrophages

Question 18

the final stage in atherosclerosis results from ______

Answer 18

ulceration and splitting of fibrous cap

Question 19

when the fibrous cap splits, it exposes thrombogenic necrotic core to ___

Answer 19

blood

Question 20

what happens after the necrotic core is exposed to blood

Answer 20

thrombi form that travel downstream and occlude smaller vessel

Question 21

______ is symptomatic pain that occurs in the lower extremities during or after exercise such as walking

Answer 21

intermittent claudication

Question 22

______ is primarily a problem when triglycerides are elevated

Answer 22

pancreatitis

Question 23

______ are yellow nodules or plaques in the skin formed by fatty deposits

Answer 23

xanthomas