Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Respiratory > Asthma > Flashcards

Asthma Flashcards

1
Q

Define Asthma

A

Intermittent attacks of bronchoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

State five causes of asthma

A
  • allergens - exercise - respiratory infections - smoke - dust/pollutants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the symptoms of asthma?

A

tight chest, wheeze, cough (non-productive), shortness of breath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the pathology of asthma (4)

A
  • increased smooth muscle - accumulation of interstitial fluid - increased mucus, - epithelial damage - sub-epithelial fibrosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the accumulation of calcium in contraction

A
  1. Hormone activated GPCR result in IP3 moving in through the calcium channel and this sends calcium 2+ ions of of the store 2. Depolarisation of the membrane moves calcium 2+ in through the calcium channels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When calcium moves in through the channels what does the calcium store do?

A

Moves calcium out through the calcium channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What happens to the calcium ions in contraction?

A
  1. calcium binds to calodium 2. this activates myosin light chain kinase 3. myosin cross bridge is phosphorylated 4. myosin binds to actin generating force contraction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe relaxation

A
  1. beta 2 adrenoreceptor is activated by adrenaline 2. Gs activated 3. Converted to AC 4. AC + ATP forms cAMP 5. PDE degrades cAMP to 5’AMP and PkA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What two things can the PkA do?

A
  • Phosphorylate and stimulate myosin phosphatase to facilitate relaxation - Phosphorylate and inhibit myosin light chain kinase to inhibit contraction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does atopic mean?

A

caused by allergy, strong TH2, IgE antibody mediated response. Severe asthma also involves TH1.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the immunological response to an allergen in atopic individuals

A
  1. antigen presents to T CD4+ cell 2. TCD4+ cells mature to TH0 and then TH2 cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do TH2 cells activate in response to; IL4 IL13 IL5

A
  • B Cells - Mast Cells - Eosinophils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do the B Cells do?

A

Mature to IgE secreting plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do mast cells in airway tissue do?

A

express IgE receptors, which stimulates calcium entry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In mast cells what does the release of calcium do?

A

Simulates…

  • the release of secretory granules containing histamine
  • production & release of LTC4/LTD4 that cause smooth muscle contraction
  • the release of substances, platelet-activating factor & prostaglandins that attract cells causing inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two types of asthma treatment?

A

Relievers & Preventers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Give four types of reliever

A
  • SABA - LABA - CysLT1 receptor antagonists
18
Q

Give three types of preventer

A
  • Glucocorticoids - Cromoglicate - Monoclonal IgE antibodies
19
Q

What does SABA and LABA stand for? How do they work?

A

Short and Long acting beta agonists By acting as antagonists of spasmogens, they activate the receptor leading to relaxation

20
Q

How do CysLT1 Receptor Antagonists work?

A

By stopping chemical secreted by mast cells from causing contraction of smooth muscle, mucus secretion and oedema.

21
Q

What are glucocorticoids synthetic versions of?

A

Cortisol

22
Q

Name four processes that cortisol regulates

A

decreases - inflammatory responses - immunological responses - glucose utilisation

increases - protein catabolism - bone catabolism - gastric & pepsin secretion

23
Q

As well as glucocorticoid what is the other corticosteroid?

A

Mineralocorticoid - regulate the retention of salt by the kidney

24
Q

Give three examples of corticosteroids and how they are administered

A

Budenoside & beclometason - inhaled Prednisolone - oral Hydrocortisone - IV

25
Q

How do glucocorticoids work?

A
  1. They combine with GR alpha in the cytoplasm causing the dissociation of shock proteins.
  2. The activated receptor translocates to the nucleus
  3. Receptor monomers combine to form homodimers
  4. They bind to glucocorticoid receptor elements in the promotor region of specific genes
26
Q

Give two effects on transcription relevant to asthma

A
  • increase expression of anti-inflammatory proteins - decrease expression of inflammatory proteins
27
Q

What is inflammatory gene expression associated with?

A

Acetylation of histones by histone acetyltransferases (HATs)

28
Q

What do glucocorticoids recruit?

A

histone deacetylases to switch off transcription

29
Q

Name four additional actions of corticosteroids

A
  • decrease TH2 formation
  • prevent IgE production
  • prevent allergen induced influx
  • reduced number of mast cells & IgE receptors
30
Q

State four pathological changes of chronic asthma

A
  • increased mass of smooth muscle - accumulation of interstitial muscle - increased secretion of mucus - epithelial damage - sub-epithelial fibrosis
31
Q

What causes bronchial hyper-responsiveness?

A

epithelial damage exposing sensory nerve endings

32
Q

Describe the curves on this graph

A

green - severe asthma

red - mild asthma

blue - normal subject

33
Q

What is the result of inflammation & bronchoconstriction?

A
  • Airway narrowing
  • increase in airway resistance
  • decrease in FEV & PEFR (peak flow)
34
Q

What are the two phases of asthma?

A

Immediate and Late (delayed response)

35
Q

Describe the immediate phase

A

allergen/stimuli →

mast cells →

histamine/spasmogens/CysLTs/chemotaxis/chemokines

36
Q

What do histamine/spasmogens/CysLTs do?

A

Cause bronchospasm and early inflammation

37
Q

What do the chemotaxis & chemokines do?

A

Leads to the late phase

infiltration of cytokine releasing TH2 cells & monocytes as well as activation of inflammatory cells (eosinophils)

38
Q

What does the start of the late phase lead to?

A

release of

  • mediators
  • eosinophils
  • major basic & cationic proteins
39
Q

What do eosinophils, major basic & cationic proteins result in?

A

epithelial damage

40
Q

All mechanisms of the late phase lead to…

A
  1. Airway inflammation
  2. Hyperresponsiveness

These lead to;

  • bronchospasm
  • wheezing
  • mucus oversecretion
  • cough

Respiratory (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions