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Respiratory > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What nerves are involved in coughing?

A

Cranial nerve
9 - glossopharyngeal
10 - vagus

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2
Q

Where can the vagus nerve be found?

A

Carotid sheath

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3
Q

Where are the receptors leading to a cough stimulated?

A
  • oropharyngeal mucosa
  • laryngopharyngeal mucosa
  • laryngeal mucosa
  • lower respiratory tract mucosa
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4
Q

Describe the three steps of deep inspiration

A
  1. Diaphragm contracts & descends
  2. Intercostal muscles contract elevating the ribs
  3. Chest walls pull the lungs outwards with them meaning air flows into the lungs due to the negative pressure
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5
Q

What nerves supply the diaphragm?

A

C3,4,5 - it is the main muscle of quiet respiration

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6
Q

What is the role of the vocal cords?

A

They abduct to close the rima glottidis, the skeletal muscles move the cartilages and thus the vocal cords.

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7
Q

What nerve supplies the muscles of the vocal cord?

A

vagus nerve

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8
Q

Describe the pathway of the vagus nerve

A

Connects with the CNS at the medulla oblongata
Base of skull is the jugular foramen
Descend through carotid sheath posterior to the lung root
Pass through the diaphragm on the oesophagus
On the surface of the stomach they divide into parasympathetic branches

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9
Q

After the vocal cords close what happens?

A

The abdominal wall muscles contract to build up intra-abdominal pressure and push the diaphragm up

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10
Q

Name the muscles found in the abdominal wall

A
  • rectus abdominius
  • external oblique
  • internal oblique
  • transversus abdominus
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11
Q

Describe the external oblique

A

aponeurosis of each side meet at the linea alba
superior attachment - lower ribs
inferior attachment - iliac crest & pubic tubercle

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12
Q

Describe the internal oblique

A

superior attachment - inferior border of the lower ribs

inferior attachment - iliac crest & thoracolumbar fascia of the lower back

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13
Q

Describe the transverses abdominus

A

superior attachment - deep aspects of the lower ribs

inferior attachment - iliac crest & thoracolumbar fascia of the lower back

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14
Q

Describe the rectus abdominus

A

vertical muscles have tendinous intersections which divide each of the two long muscles into 3/4 small quadrate muscles

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15
Q

Name the four throacoabdominal nerves

A
  • intercostal nerves 7-11
  • subcostal nerve
  • iliohypogastric nerve
  • ilioinguinal nerve
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16
Q

State six function of the rectus abdominus

A
  1. posture
  2. support the vertebral column
  3. movement of the vertebral column
  4. protect the abdominal viscera
  5. increase intra-abdominal pressure
  6. aid forced expiration
17
Q

Describe the three steps of expiration

A
  1. diaphragm relaxes and rises
  2. intercostal muscles relax lowering the ribs
  3. elastic tissue of lung recoils
18
Q

What four structures make up the upper respiratory tract?

A
  • nasal cavity
  • oral cavity
  • naso, oro, laryngo pharynx
  • larynx
19
Q

What six structures make up the lower respiratory tract?

A
  • trachea
  • main bronchi
  • lobar bronchi
  • segmental bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli
20
Q

At C6 what happens?

A

The larynx becomes the trachea

The pharynx comes the oesophagus

21
Q

Where can the trachea be palpated?

A

jugular notch of the manubrium

22
Q

Define lung lobe

A

the area of lung that each of the lobar bronchi supply with air

23
Q

How many lobes are there on each side?

A

Right - upper, middle & lower

Left - upper & lower

24
Q

What are the lobes separated by?

A

Fissures

25
Q

Define bronchopulmonary segment

A

the area of the lobe that each one of the segmental bronchi supply with air

26
Q

How are the 12 ribs categorised?

A

1-7 true ribs
8-10 false ribs
11 & 12 floating ribs

27
Q

Name the joints that join;
the cartilage to the sternum
the ribs to the cartilage
the head/tubercle to the vertebrae

A
  • sternocostal joints
  • costochondral joints
  • costovertebral joints
28
Q

What can be found in each of the intercostal spaces?

A

A neuromuscular bundle (vein, artery & nerve)

29
Q

What is the nerve supply to the intercostal spaces?

A

Anterior ramus of the spinal nerve

30
Q

What is the blood supply to the intercostal spaces?

A 
Posterior 
arterial - thoracic aorta 
venous - azygous vein 
Anterior 
arterial - internal thoracic artery 
venous - internal thoracic vein
31
Q

Where does the diaphragm attach to the sternum?

A

Lower 6 ribs, L1-3 vertebral bodies

32
Q

What are the two main consequences of a cough?

A
  • pneumothorax

- hernia

33
Q

Explain the difference between a small and large pneumothorax

A

small < 2cm gap between lung & parietal pleura

large >2cm gap between lung & parietal pleura

34
Q

How can a pneumothorax occur?

A

Due to injury to the parietal pleura or
rupture of the visceral pleura
The vacuum is lost and the elastic tissue recoils towards the lung root

35
Q

Describe a tension pneumothorax

A

Air enters on inspiration but does not leave on expiration so the pneumothorax expands and the lung collapses towards its root. This can shift the mediastinum

36
Q

How can a pneumothorax be treated?

A

large - insertion of chest drain or needle aspiration via the 4th or 5th intercostal space
tension - insertion of a cannula to the pleural cavity via the 2nd or 3rd intercostal space

37
Q

Define herniae

A

any structure that passes through another

38
Q

How can a hernia occur?

A
  1. weakness of one structure commonly a part of the body wall
  2. increased pressure on one side of the wall e.g. cough
  3. congenital abnormalities & surgical incision
39
Q

Describe common sites of body wall weakness

A
  • diaphragm
  • umbilicus
  • inguinal canal
  • femoral canal

Respiratory (20 decks)

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