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Prueba 1 > ASIS CPP - Physical Security (Part 2) > Flashcards

ASIS CPP - Physical Security (Part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Video surveillance systems

When selecting a video surveillance

A

Uses a systems approach rather than a components approach

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2
Q

Video surveillance systems

The following parameters determine the effectiveness of a video assessment subsystem

A
  • Minimum time between sensor alarm & video display
  • Complete video coverage of the sensor detection zone (called the assessment zone when sensors & video are integrated)
  • Ability to classify a 1 ft. target at the far edge of the assessment zone
  • Vertical field of view at the far edge of exterior detection zone = height of a standard fence & person climbing it
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3
Q

Parameters Ctd…

A
  • Continuous operation, 24/7
  • Minimal sensitivity to environmental conditions, for all cameras
  • Minimal obscuration of the assessment zone (such as trees, fences, furniture, etc)
  • Camera FOV & recording system integration displays the alarm source to an operator
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4
Q

Video Surveillance

3 reasons for cameras in security applications

A
  • Obtain visual information about something that is happening (most important)
  • Obtain visual information about something that has happened (most important)
  • Deter undesirable activities
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5
Q

Video Surveillance

Primary uses of video surveillance systems

A

Detection of Activities

Recording of Incidents

Assessment of Alarms/Incidents

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6
Q

Video Surveillance

Main elements of video surveillance systems

A

Field of View (FOV)

Scene

Lens

Camera (including mounting hardware)

Transmission Medium

Monitor

Recording Equipment (analog/digital)

Control Equipment

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7
Q

Video Surveillance

Three main components of an analog video surveillance system

A

Camera

Transmission Cable

Monitor

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8
Q

Video Surveillance

3 main components of a digital video surveillance system

A

Camera

Digital electronic signal center

PC with software

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9
Q

Video Surveillance

In designing a video surveillance application security managers should keep in mind

A
  • Video surveillance is a visual tool of security & should be applied accordingly
  • Video surveillance systems should always be designed with future growth or changes to the needs of the application in mind
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10
Q

Designing Video Surveillance Ctd…

No matter what, the equipment of the system will become obsolete

A
  • Obsolete does not necessarily mean ineffective or out of date for the application
  • If a system is obsolete but performing well, its because the original application was correctly designed to meet performance needs
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11
Q

Key points for designing VS systems

A
  • Once simplified the most complex electronic system can be managed by almost anyone
  • The application drives the choice of equipment not the other way around
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12
Q

Video Surveillance

Simple Rules For Design

A

Keep system in perspective

Design generically

Design for best options first (budget after)

Don’t feel driven to build the system all at once

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13
Q

Video Surveillance

Steps for design

A
  • Define the system’s purpose
  • Define each camera’s purpose
  • Define the area to be viewed by each camera
  • Choose a camera style
  • Choose the proper lens
  • Determine best transmission method
  • Layout control area
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14
Q

Video Surveillance

Resolution is determined by the following in order

A
  1. Camera
  2. The transmission method
  3. The weakest link in the video system interface
  4. The reproduction capability of the storage system
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15
Q

Limiting Factors

A
  • Analog video recorders average a playback of 225 horizontal lines (very low)

- DVR’s digitize analog signals, dropping 25% of the resolution

- Sloppy installation or cheap coaxial cable costs 10 - 15% resolution

  • Digital compression also reduces the resolution
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16
Q

Video Surveillance

All IP cameras measure resolution as a multiple of the Common Intermediate Format (CiF) about half the average 325 horizontal lines; not recommended as a usable standard for storage

A
  • 1/4 CIF = 176 x 120 (3,520 pixels or .003 MPX)
  • CIF = 352 x 240 (84,480 pixels or .08 MPX)
  • 4 CIF = 704 x 480 (337,920 pixels or 0.3 MPX)
  • 16 CIF = 1408 x 960 (1,351,680 pixels or 1.3 MPX)
  • 32 CIF = 2816 x 1920 (5,405,720 pixels or 5.4 MPX)
  • A 4 mp camera = resolution of 400 ASA film
  • A 6mp camera = resolution of 100 ASA film
  • most effective & current standard for digital video compression is the H.264 compression algorithm
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17
Q

3 Considerations when determining video surveillance field & view (FOV)

A

Target (person, vehicles, etc…)

Activity (assault, slight of hand)

Purpose (identification vs. general monitoring)

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18
Q

Video surveillance systems are designed to be only two things

A

Visual assessment (what’s happening now)

Visual documentation (What happened previously)

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19
Q

3 Theoretical identification views of an analog VSS

A

1. Subject identification

2. Action identification

3. Scene identification

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20
Q

VS - Fields of view (FOV)

Theoretical identification views of a digital VSS

A

General: Can’t distinguish clothing & color - pixelated zoom (5 pix/ft)

Monitor: General vehicle/human traffic flows - no serious detail on zoom (7 pix/ft)

Detect: Detect but not identify person-sized object - no significant detail on zoom (4 pix/ft)

Observe: Clothing/colors gain distinction - no good detail on zoom (18 pix/ft)

Recognize: High degree of accuracy identifying & separating known individuals - good detail on zoom (35 pix/ft)

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21
Q

ID views of a digital VSS

A

Subject ID: Establish identity beyond a shadow of a doubt - the excellent detail on zoom (48 pix)

License Plat ID: ID of license plates - excellent detail on zoom (70 pix)

Facial Recog: Extreme details - excellent detail on zoom (88 pix)

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22
Q

VS - FOV

Identification of an object in video means…

A

The ability to differentiate between people’s identity

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23
Q

VS - FOV

Classification of an object in video means…

A

The ability to differentiate between humans animals etc…

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24
Q

VS - FOV

Cameras should not be required to view more than one major and one more minor objective

A
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25
Q

VS - FOV

Cameras should not auto-pan more than how many degrees left or right of the major focus

A

45 Degrees

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26
Q

VS - Cameras

Major Types of Cameras

A

Analog

Digital / IP

Infrared

Thermal

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27
Q

VS - Cameras

4 Main Types of Cameras

A
  1. Standard analog CCD cameras
  2. IP address
  3. Infrared cameras
  4. Thermal cameras
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28
Q

VS - Cameras

3 basic styles of IP Cameras

A
  1. Standard
  2. Megapixel
  3. Smart (edge analytics etc.)
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29
Q

VS - Cameras

Infrared cameras require…?

A

IR Source

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30
Q

VS - Cameras

Which cameras do not require an IR source?

A

Thermal Cameras

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31
Q

VS - Cameras

Camera selection criteria, in order of importance

A
  1. Sensitivity (light)
  2. Resolution (image quality)
  3. Features (WDR, IR, analytics, etc)
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32
Q

VS - Cameras

Placement of cameras is dictated by

A

Angle of View

Pixels Per Foot

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33
Q

VS - Cameras

3 Basic sensitivities of cameras

A

Full - Light

Lower - Light

Low - Light

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34
Q

VS - Cam Lenses

The camera is selected before the lens

A

The lens is selected based on its ability to provide the desired identification information

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35
Q

VS - Cameras

The lens is one of the few elements of a video system not converting to digital

A

Various functions of the lens can be automated (auto-iris, zoom/varifocal, focus)

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36
Q

VS - Cameras

5 Main types of lenses

A
  1. Wide angle (best for 0 to 15’ ranges)
  2. Standard (best for 15 to 50’ range) equivalent to the view from the human eye)
  3. Telephoto (best for > 50’ range)
  4. Varifocal
  5. Zoom
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37
Q

VS - Camera lens

2 Differences between zoom & varifocal lenses

A
  • The range of focal length is small in the varifocal
  • Varifocal lenses do not have a tracking mechanism to align focal length with focus
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38
Q

VS - Video storage / recording

When storing & using security video, it is important to decide whether the system’s purpose is to…

A

Verify information

Prove information

Aid a prosecution with the information

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39
Q

VS - Surveillance / Recording

Types of Recorders

A

DVR: Analog inputs only, converted to digital in the box, stored on hard drive or external media

NVR: Analog or digital inputs, analog converted to digital, stored on hard drive or external media

Server / Cloud: Digital inputs stored on network storage devices

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40
Q

Locking Systems - Locks

  • Most widely used methods of controlling physical access
  • Among the oldest of security devices
  • Should not be relied upon as the only means of physical protection for important assets
  • Should always be used with complimentary protection measures
A
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41
Q

Locks

2 Classes of Locks

A

Mechanical

Electro-Mechanical

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42
Q

Locks

2 Major components of most mechanical locks

A
  • A coded mechanism (key, cylinder, wheel pack, etc…)
  • The fastening device (bolt, latch, etc…)
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43
Q

Locks

4 Component / Assembles of Locks

A
  1. Bolt or latch
  2. Keeper or strike
  3. Tumbler array
  4. Key
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44
Q

Locks

Vulnerabilities of mechanical locks

A

Attack by force (spreading, forcing, twisting, etc…)

Surreptitious attack (picking, raking, bumping, etc…)

Impressioning & try keys

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45
Q

Locks

- Warded (1st type, very weak security, skeleton keys, old houses, antiques)

- Lever (18th century, more security than warded locks, master keyable, safe deposit boxes)

- Pin tumbler (19th century, Linus Yale, most widely used, can be high security, residential/office locks, master-keyable

- Wafer tumbler (sometimes double-bitted boys, mostly furniture locks, lower security than pin tumblers, master-keyable

  • Dial Combination (safes, mechanical or electronic
A
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46
Q

Locking Systems

Without ? security will usually degrade to more privacy

A

Lock Planning

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47
Q

Locking System Considerations

A
  • Total number of locks
  • Major categories of sectors of the system
  • Security objectives
  • Size & turnover of populations
  • Related or supportive security subsystems
  • Intelligence or information requirements
  • Criticality of asset exposure
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48
Q

Locks

Proper lock planning requires…?

A

Combination of the “totality” of the area (strengths of doors & walls, drop ceilings, etc..)

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49
Q

Locks

Locking policy should do the following

A
  • Require a systematic approach be taken to the use of locks for security purposes
  • Assign specific responsibility for the development of the lock program
  • Make all persons responsible for compliance with the program requirement
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50
Q

Locks

Lock Change Methods

A
  • Re-arrange or rotate the locks among doors
  • Re-key the locks (most effective
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51
Q

Locks

Master Keying

3 Major security difficulties

A
  1. Effective master key accountability
  2. Manipulations are easier
  3. Additional maintenance
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52
Q

Lighting

3 Primary functions of security lighting

A
  1. Deter criminal activity
  2. Life safety functions
  3. Support of video surveillance
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53
Q

Lighting

Typical Lighting Costs

A

Capitol (upfront costs) approx. 8%

Energy (approx. 88%

Maintenance (4%)

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54
Q

Lighting

Major components of a lighting system

A

Lamp (bulb)

Luminaire Hardware

Electrical Power

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55
Q

Lighting Terms

Quantity of light emitted by a lamp

A

Lumen

A typical 100-watt incandescent bulb outputs about 17000 lumens

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56
Q

Lighting Terms

The concentration of light over a particular area

A

Illuminance

  • Floodlight generating 1k lumens illuminates 50’ away
  • Spotlight generating 1k lumens illuminates a small area 50 ft away
  • Both lights output the same lumens
  • Each light generates a different level of illuminance from the same distance
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57
Q

Lighting Terms

The US measures of illuminance (lumens per sq. ft)

A

Foot Candles

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58
Q

Lighting Terms

Metric measure of illuminance (lumens per sq. meter) 1 FC = 10.76 lux (approximately 10:1 ratio)

A
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59
Q

Lighting Terms

Illuminance level of the scene

A

Scene Illuminance

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60
Q

Lighting Terms

Illuminance of the camera lens

A

Faceplate Illuminance

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61
Q

Lighting Terms

Lumens/watts (output divided by consumption)

A

Efficacy

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62
Q

Lighting Terms

Initial, cold start time of the light fixture

A

Strike Time

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63
Q

Lighting Terms

Re-Start time at a warm

A

Re-Strike Time

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64
Q

Lighting Terms

The percentage of light reflected from a scene which depends on the incident light angle, and the texture & composition of the reflecting surface

A

Reflectance

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65
Q

Lights - Color

Color rendition index (CRI)

A
  • The scale of 0 to 100
  • 70 to 80 CRI is good; above 80 is excellent 100 is daylight
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66
Q

Light Coverage

The measurement of variation in lighting levels

A

Uniformity

  • Working environments are 1: 0.7
  • A pedestrian walkway is 4:1
  • A roadway is 10:1
  • Higher uniformity levels provide better depth perception & greater perception of security
67
Q

Light Uniformity & Coverage

What ration is preferred for a parking structure?

A

4:1 Uniformity Ratio

68
Q

Landscaping environments can be expensive to light due to the numerous area of potential concealment

A

Lighting should be focused from the ground up into trees & shrubs to deter concealment

69
Q

Lighting ratios in parking lots should not exceed…?

A

4:1

70
Q

Lighting

A bright white, horizontal strip along the interior walls of parking structures provides higher contrasts & facilitates object identification

A
71
Q

Lighting

Along with building facades where individual exterior objects cannot be adequately lit, providing a high contrast will give good identification of shape & movement - flood lights work well for this purpose

A
72
Q

Lighting

What should the height of light poles in parking areas be to reduce shadows & dark spots?

A

12 - 14 Feet

73
Q

Lighting

What kind of lighting is preferred outdoors because?

  • Broader, more natural light distribution
  • Requires fewer poles
  • Is more aesthetically pleasing
A

High Mast Lighting

74
Q

Lighting implications to video surveillance

The successful deployment of even the simplest VSS requires an understanding of…

A
  • Relative levels of the scene illumination produced by natural sources
  • The amount of light reflected from typical scenes
  • The resultant faceplate illumination levels required by the variety of image tube & solid-state imagers
75
Q

Light

Lighting considerations for video surveillance

A
  • CRI
  • Reflectance of materials
  • Directionality of reflected light
76
Q

The two most important parameters of a lighting system for video surveillance are its…?

A
  • Minimum intensity
  • Evenness of illumination
77
Q

Light

Cameras are light-averaging devices - All lighting in the camera’s FOV must be…

A

Even, not just the target areas

78
Q

Lighting

The sensitivity of a CCTV camera can be defined as the minimum amount of illumination required to produce a specified output signal

The following factors are involved in producing a video signal

A
  • Illuminance level of the scene
  • Spectral distribution of the illumination source
  • Object reflectance
  • Total scene reflectance
  • Camera lens aperture
  • Camera lens transmittance
  • Spectral response of the camera imager
  • Video amplifier gain, bandwidth, & signal-to-noise ration
  • Electronic processing circuity
79
Q

Lighting

Minimal output video signal is usually?

A

1 Volt peak-to-peak (VPP)

80
Q

Lighting

Camera sensitivity may sometimes be overstated based on these two, commonly used factors

A
  • Higher scene reflectance than normally encountered
  • Greater transmittance than is commonly available in standard auto-iris lenses with neutral density spot filters
81
Q

Lighting

A minimum of 1.5 fc is required for a camera system using on f / 1.8 or faster lens & a solid-state imager

A
  • This assumes reflectivity of 25%
  • This also assumes a light; dark ratio of no more than 4:1
  • 4:1 ratio is allowed to creep to 6:1 as materials age
82
Q

Protective Lighting

Protective Lighting Types

A
  1. Standby
  2. Continuous
  3. Moveable
  4. Emergency
  5. Glare projection
  6. Controlled
83
Q

Lighting

General security lighting equipment

A

Streetlight

Searchlight

Floodlight

High Mast Lighting

84
Q

Lighting

The number of luminaires required to cover an area is a function of…

A
  • The area to be covered
  • Light levels required
  • The height of the luminaires & their design
  • Type of lighting used
85
Q

Lighting

Rule of thumb for outside lighting

A

You should be able to read a driver’s license or newspaper with some eyestrain

86
Q

Lighting

The general rule for lighting levels with regard to Identification of subjects

A
  • Detection (someone is there) - 0.5 fc
  • Recognition (recognizing the person) - 1.0 fc
  • Identification (evidentory) - 2.0 fc
87
Q

Perimeter fence = 0.50 FC

Outer perimeter = 0.50 - 2.00 FC

Open area = 2.00 FC

Open parking lot = 0.20 - 0.90 fc

Covered parking lot = 5.00 fc

Pedestrian walkway = 0.20 fc

Pedestrian entrance = 5.00 fc

Vehicle entrance = 10.00 fc

A

Building facade = 0.50 - 2.00 fc

Gatehouse = 30.00 fc

Loading dock exterior = 0.20 - 5.00 fc

Loading bay = 15.00 fc

Office general = 30.00 - 50.00 fc

Office task = 50.00 - 30.00 fc

Interior public area = 10.00 - 20.00 fc

Retail store = 50.00 fc

Bank - lobby = 20.00 fc

Bank - teller = 50.00 fc

Bank - ATM = 15.00 fc

88
Q

Lighting

Typical Reflectance Levels

A
  • Asphalt = 5%
  • Concrete (old) = 40%
  • Concrete (new) = 25%
  • Red bricks = 25%
  • Grass = 40%
  • Snow = 95%
89
Q

Lighting

Lighting levels may cause a light trespass onto adjoining properties, including sidewalks & roadways

A
90
Q

Lighting

Light trespass must not cause glare or excessive contrast to drivers & pedestrians, both on and off the organization’s property

A
91
Q

Lighting

A dirty environment may result in a reduction of up to 20% per year in light output due to dirty lighting

A
92
Q

Lighting

Lighting output in an office or other clean environment declines by 3 - 4% each year due to dirt accumulation on lighting fixtures & bulbs

A
93
Q

Barrier Purposes

A
  • Physically & psychologically deters the undetermined
  • Delays the determined
  • Channels authorized traffic
  • Discourages unauthorized traffic that takes place by Accident Force Stealth
  • Explicitly defines territorial boundaries
  • May be used to preventing views of the facility
  • May be used to preventing placement of listening devices
94
Q

Barrier Notes

A
  • Should be supported by interior clear zone whose width depends on the threat
  • Should be supplemented by sensors and/or other security measures
  • Should not provide concealment opportunities
  • Should not obstruct lighting, video surveillance, or intrusion detection
  • Should not facilitate observation of the facility
95
Q

A dirty environment may result in a reduction of up to 20% per year in light output due to dirty lighting

A
96
Q

Recommended Light Cleaning Cycle

A

Every 3 Years

97
Q

Barrier Types

A

Natural

Structural

98
Q

If a barrier’s effectiveness is uncertain it should be considered a potential obstacle

A
99
Q

Selection & placement of barriers depend on the adversary’s objective

A
100
Q

Balanced Design

What provides equal delay - No weak links?

A

Layered Barriers

101
Q

Balanced Design

Barrier penetration begins how many feet in front of the barrier & ends how many feet beyond it

A

2 FT & 2 FT

102
Q

Barriers

Fences & Walls

A
  • Are the most common perimeter barriers
  • Define areas & give notice of a protected property line
  • Demonstrate commitment to security & may stop a casual trespasser
  • Channel traffic & reduce the required number of security personnel
  • Provide intrusion detection and/or video surveillance zone
  • Force intruders to demonstrate intent
  • Must be maintained
103
Q

Barriers - Walls

Walls are generally more resistant to penetration than the doors, windows, vents, & other openings

A
  • Most can be breached with the right tools
  • Using explosives & cutting tools and adversary can make a “crawl hole” through 18” reinforced concrete in under 5 min.
  • Increasing wall thickness usually adds only a moderate delay against explosives, even though the amount of explosive needed increases substantially with a wall thickness
  • Ordinary reinforced concrete walls can be penetrated quickly because they are generally designed to support structural loads, not to thwart or delay penetration
104
Q

Walls ctd…

A
  • Placing two or more reinforced concrete walls in series results in longer penetration delays than using one wall that is thick as the two walls combined
  • Removing the rebar often takes longer than removing the concrete; delay can be increased by using additional rebar; increasing rebar size, or decreasing rebar spacing
105
Q

Walls ctd…

A
  • Use earth cover or other overburden to delay access to the wall itself
  • Hardening a normally constructed building against forcing penetration for a significant period is rarely practical or cost-effective
106
Q

Fences

Wire toppers on fences do not prevent intrusion but rolls of barbed tape on or near them can increase delay…

A
107
Q

Fences

One of the most cost-effective additions to a fence?

A

Attach a roll of barbed tape to the outriggers

108
Q

Fences

Where are barbed-tape rolls normally placed

A

Inside an outer-perimeter fence & outside on inner (double) fence

109
Q

Fences

Which direction should outriggers point in order to eliminate the hand grip used by intruders when climbing over the fence

A

Towards the inside

110
Q

Fences

Inner-fence-lines (double fence areas such as prisons) are spaced how far from the outer fence-line?

A

10 - 20 Ft

111
Q

Electrified Fencing

What is the design of most industrial electrified fences?

A

8 ft. tall with 20 wires fitted to the inside of the chain link perimeter fence

112
Q

Fences

Electrified fences pulses electrical energy 45 times per minute

A
113
Q

Fences

2 Types of Electrified Fences

A
  1. All live wire “deterrent” fence (less common)
  2. “Monitored” fence (more common)
114
Q

Fences

4 Basic Types of Expanded Metal

A

Standard / Regular

Grating

Flattened

Architectural or Decorative

115
Q

Barriers - Gates

A
  • Establish points of entry & exit to an area defined by fences & walls
  • Limit or prohibit the flow of pedestrian or vehicular traffic
  • Establish a controlled traffic pattern
  • Should provide equal levels of delay as perimeter
116
Q

Barriers - Doors

While walls may be hardened, doors tend to be a weak link in a structure because of their functional requirements & associated hardware

A
117
Q

Barriers - Doors

If the door assembly cannot be sufficiently enhanced it may not be cost-effective to upgrade the building structure

A
118
Q

Barriers - Doors

Most common exterior doors are 1.75” thick with 16 or 18 gauge steel surface sheets, usually, hollow or filled with composite material

A
119
Q

Barriers - Doors

How long does it take to defeat exposed hinges & remove the door from the frame

A

1 Minute

120
Q

How can a door vulnerability be mitigated?

A

By welding the hinge pin heads to the hinge knuckles, using the hidden “stud-in-hole” method, or affixing a z-strip to the rear face of the door

121
Q

Barriers - Doors

Door Classifications

A
  • Standard industrial doors
  • Personal doors
  • Attack- and bullet - resistant doors
  • Vehicle access doors
  • Vault doors
  • Blast-resistant doors
  • Turnstile gates
122
Q

Barriers - Doors

Unnecessary external doors should be eliminated as well as unnecessary, external (exposed) door hardware

A
123
Q

Barriers - Doors

How can doors be reinforced?

A

Steel plates on their surfaces, heavy duty hinges, and filling frames with concrete

124
Q

Barriers - Doors

What increases the delay time for thermal cutting tools by 3x or 4x?

A

Installing wood cares in metal doors especially using redwood

125
Q

What only requires 1/2” to 3/4” of space to defeat the lock?

A

Prying or spreading the jamb from the door

How can it be mitigated? Welded 2” wide metal strips, concrete - filled frames and high security deadbolts

126
Q

Barriers - Windows

How can windows be hardened?

A

Additional or heavier fasteners in the frames, or by welding the frames

127
Q

Barriers - Windows

Transparent plastic glazing

A
  • Some types are combustible & their use may be restricted by fire codes
  • Acrylic plastic like Lucite & Plexiglass, if less than one inch thick, can be broken with hand tools in less than 10 seconds
  • Polycarbonates resist impact about as well as bullet-resistant glass
  • Lexan in 1/2” thickness resists hand-tool penetration for up to 2 minutes
  • Thermal tool attacks require about one minute but cause combustion & the release of toxic gases
128
Q

Barriers - Windows

Glass/polycarbonate composite glazing contains a tough core of what?

A

Polycarbonate between 2 layers of glass

129
Q

Windows

Glass/polycarbonate composite glazing is developed for use in prisons

A
130
Q

Windows

The thickest panels of glass/polycarbonate lasted 10 minutes against miscellaneous steel tools

A
131
Q

Barriers - Windows

Used often in fire doors & fire windows?

A

Wire Glass

132
Q

Windows ctd…

Wire Glass is made up of…?

A

1/4” material fabricated with diamond, square, or hexagonal wire patterns

133
Q

How fast can wire glass be penetrated with hand tools?

A

20 Seconds

134
Q

Laminated Glass

A
  • Made of two or more panes of annealed float sheet, or plate glass
  • Bonded to a layer or layers of plastic
135
Q

Windows

Safety glass that is 1/4” thick can be penetrated in…?

A

30 Seconds

136
Q

Security glass that is 9/16” thick requires 15 minutes of work w/ hand tools to produce a crawl-through hole

A
137
Q

Barriers - Utility Portals

Openings other than doors & windows, through which maintenance & other functions might be performed

A

Utility Ports

138
Q

Barriers - Roofs

Can be enhanced in several ways (new & existing)

A
  • Enhancing membranes w/ embedded screen
  • Added several inches of rigid insulation
  • Using concrete reinforced with deformed steel bars & expanded steel mesh
  • Forming larger rebar into several rows or layers for reinforced concrete
  • Increasing the number of fasteners & adding structural members to corrugated roofs
  • Using mechanical fasteners or joints & a continuous weld & heavier gauge material on metal roof systems
  • Using larger rebar to strengthen the flange area of precast concrete tee beams
139
Q

Barriers - Roofs

Contemporary roof types’ include the following

A
  • Prestressed concrete tee beam
  • Metal subdeck & reinforced concrete
  • Metal roof deck with lightweight concrete
  • Metal roof deck with insulation
  • Metal Roof
  • Reinforced concrete beam & slab
  • Wood sheathing with membrane
140
Q

Barriers - Roofs

Which roof improvements provide the best value

A
  • Penetration tests suggest that barriers placed below the roof may be more effective against penetration than those in the roof itself
  • The optimal distance between the roof & the secondary barrier is 10” to 12”
  • Earth coverings of both roofs & walls are effective delay barriers
141
Q

Vehicle Barriers

Types of barrier methodologies

A
  • Vehicle arrestor (slows vehicle to a stop)
  • Crash cushion (cushions the impact that stops a vehicle) (moderate distance)
  • Inertia device (rigid, heavy moveable objects)
  • Rigid device (fixed devices) { a very short distance - almost immediate }
142
Q

Vehicle Barriers

A moving vehicle possesses kinetic energy, which must be dissipated by the vehicular barrier

A
143
Q

Vehicle Barriers

Optimum vehicular barrier height?

A

Almost 30” but can vary depending on threat vehicles

144
Q

Vehicle Barriers

Since cable barriers are easy to defeat with hand-held tools, they should be used only in areas well patrolled or monitored with sensors or cameras

A
145
Q

Vehicle Barriers

DOD “K - ratings” for barriers / barricades

A
  • K4 stops a 15,000 lb. vehicle at 30 mph
  • K8 stops a 15,000 lb. vehicle at 40 mph

K12 stops a 15,000 lb. vehicle at 50 mph

146
Q

Vehicle Barriers

Vehicle barriers outside the detection & assessment zone are not recommended

A
147
Q

Vehicle Barriers

Private vehicles should be kept in secured areas as much as possible

A
148
Q

Barriers - Dispensible Barriers

Typically includes the following elements

A
  • Process for deciding when to activate the barrier
  • Command & control hardware
  • Material deployed to delay access or incapacitate an aggressor
  • Dispensing mechanism
  • Security officers on-site
149
Q

Dispensible Barriers

Barriers isolate the aggressor….?

A

Visually

Acoustically

At Location

(or any combination of these)

150
Q

Dispensible Barriers

Passive dispensable barriers have no command and control component making them less expensive (but riskier)

A
151
Q

Dispensible Barriers

Systems last 10 to 25 years, and active systems require routine maintenance

A
152
Q

Safes & Vaults

Safes weighing less than 750 lbs are considered portable & UL standards require they be anchored in place

A
153
Q

Safes & Vaults

Burglary resistant safes do not generally protect against fire

A
154
Q

Safes & Vaults

Burglary / Fire Resistant Containers

A

Some containers can achieve UL rating for burglary & fire resistance

155
Q

Fire - Resistant Safes

UL Classifications

A

350-4 (formerly A)

350-2 (formerly B)

350-1 (formerly C)

156
Q

Fire Resistant Safes

Classification / Testing process also includes

A

A drop-test & harsher temperature test than filling devices

157
Q

Insulated filing devices UL Class

A

350 - 1 (formerly D)

350 - 2 (formerly E)

158
Q

Fire Resistant Safes

Classification / Testing process does not include a drop test

A
159
Q

Different types of safes designed for records protection

A
  • Fire-resistant safes & record containers
  • Insulated filing devices
  • Containers to protect magnetic media
160
Q
  • Electronic media containers are designed to protect contents to 125 or 150 degrees & 80% humidity for 1, 2, 3 & 4 periods (125-1, 150-1, 125-2, 150-2 etc)
  • Different types of safes designed for records
    1. fire-resistant safes & record containers
    2. Insulated firing devices
    3. Containers to protect magnetic media
A
161
Q

Safes

  • The minimum thickness of a 4-hour vault wall is 12” for brick & 8” for reinforced concrete
  • The minimum thickness for a 6-hour vault wall is 12” for brick and 10” for reinforced concrete
A
162
Q

Fire Resistant Vaults

Construction Standards

A
  • Reinforced concrete with steel rods at least 1/2” diameter, spaced 6” on center & running at right angles in both directions
  • Rods are wired securely at intersections not over 12” apart in both directions & installed centrally in the wall or panel
  • A brick protection used is filled solidly with the steel with concrete
163
Q

Burglary Resistant Vaults

A
  • Avoid exterior wall location
  • All 6 surfaces of a vault should give equal protection
  • Unreinforced concrete should never be penetrated

(vaults are designed to resist penetration for a defined period)

  • # 4 (1/2”) rebar & smaller diameters can be cut w/ hand tools

Prueba 1 (19 decks)

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