ASIS CPP - Physical Security (Part 2) Flashcards
Video surveillance systems
When selecting a video surveillance
Uses a systems approach rather than a components approach
Video surveillance systems
The following parameters determine the effectiveness of a video assessment subsystem
- Minimum time between sensor alarm & video display
- Complete video coverage of the sensor detection zone (called the assessment zone when sensors & video are integrated)
- Ability to classify a 1 ft. target at the far edge of the assessment zone
- Vertical field of view at the far edge of exterior detection zone = height of a standard fence & person climbing it
Parameters Ctd…
- Continuous operation, 24/7
- Minimal sensitivity to environmental conditions, for all cameras
- Minimal obscuration of the assessment zone (such as trees, fences, furniture, etc)
- Camera FOV & recording system integration displays the alarm source to an operator
Video Surveillance
3 reasons for cameras in security applications
- Obtain visual information about something that is happening (most important)
- Obtain visual information about something that has happened (most important)
- Deter undesirable activities
Video Surveillance
Primary uses of video surveillance systems
Detection of Activities
Recording of Incidents
Assessment of Alarms/Incidents
Video Surveillance
Main elements of video surveillance systems
Field of View (FOV)
Scene
Lens
Camera (including mounting hardware)
Transmission Medium
Monitor
Recording Equipment (analog/digital)
Control Equipment
Video Surveillance
Three main components of an analog video surveillance system
Camera
Transmission Cable
Monitor
Video Surveillance
3 main components of a digital video surveillance system
Camera
Digital electronic signal center
PC with software
Video Surveillance
In designing a video surveillance application security managers should keep in mind
- Video surveillance is a visual tool of security & should be applied accordingly
- Video surveillance systems should always be designed with future growth or changes to the needs of the application in mind
Designing Video Surveillance Ctd…
No matter what, the equipment of the system will become obsolete
- Obsolete does not necessarily mean ineffective or out of date for the application
- If a system is obsolete but performing well, its because the original application was correctly designed to meet performance needs
Key points for designing VS systems
- Once simplified the most complex electronic system can be managed by almost anyone
- The application drives the choice of equipment not the other way around
Video Surveillance
Simple Rules For Design
Keep system in perspective
Design generically
Design for best options first (budget after)
Don’t feel driven to build the system all at once
Video Surveillance
Steps for design
- Define the system’s purpose
- Define each camera’s purpose
- Define the area to be viewed by each camera
- Choose a camera style
- Choose the proper lens
- Determine best transmission method
- Layout control area
Video Surveillance
Resolution is determined by the following in order
- Camera
- The transmission method
- The weakest link in the video system interface
- The reproduction capability of the storage system
Limiting Factors
- Analog video recorders average a playback of 225 horizontal lines (very low)
- DVR’s digitize analog signals, dropping 25% of the resolution
- Sloppy installation or cheap coaxial cable costs 10 - 15% resolution
- Digital compression also reduces the resolution
Video Surveillance
All IP cameras measure resolution as a multiple of the Common Intermediate Format (CiF) about half the average 325 horizontal lines; not recommended as a usable standard for storage
- 1/4 CIF = 176 x 120 (3,520 pixels or .003 MPX)
- CIF = 352 x 240 (84,480 pixels or .08 MPX)
- 4 CIF = 704 x 480 (337,920 pixels or 0.3 MPX)
- 16 CIF = 1408 x 960 (1,351,680 pixels or 1.3 MPX)
- 32 CIF = 2816 x 1920 (5,405,720 pixels or 5.4 MPX)
- A 4 mp camera = resolution of 400 ASA film
- A 6mp camera = resolution of 100 ASA film
- most effective & current standard for digital video compression is the H.264 compression algorithm
3 Considerations when determining video surveillance field & view (FOV)
Target (person, vehicles, etc…)
Activity (assault, slight of hand)
Purpose (identification vs. general monitoring)
Video surveillance systems are designed to be only two things
Visual assessment (what’s happening now)
Visual documentation (What happened previously)
3 Theoretical identification views of an analog VSS
1. Subject identification
2. Action identification
3. Scene identification
VS - Fields of view (FOV)
Theoretical identification views of a digital VSS
General: Can’t distinguish clothing & color - pixelated zoom (5 pix/ft)
Monitor: General vehicle/human traffic flows - no serious detail on zoom (7 pix/ft)
Detect: Detect but not identify person-sized object - no significant detail on zoom (4 pix/ft)
Observe: Clothing/colors gain distinction - no good detail on zoom (18 pix/ft)
Recognize: High degree of accuracy identifying & separating known individuals - good detail on zoom (35 pix/ft)
ID views of a digital VSS
Subject ID: Establish identity beyond a shadow of a doubt - the excellent detail on zoom (48 pix)
License Plat ID: ID of license plates - excellent detail on zoom (70 pix)
Facial Recog: Extreme details - excellent detail on zoom (88 pix)
VS - FOV
Identification of an object in video means…
The ability to differentiate between people’s identity
VS - FOV
Classification of an object in video means…
The ability to differentiate between humans animals etc…
VS - FOV
Cameras should not be required to view more than one major and one more minor objective
VS - FOV
Cameras should not auto-pan more than how many degrees left or right of the major focus
45 Degrees
VS - Cameras
Major Types of Cameras
Analog
Digital / IP
Infrared
Thermal
VS - Cameras
4 Main Types of Cameras
- Standard analog CCD cameras
- IP address
- Infrared cameras
- Thermal cameras
VS - Cameras
3 basic styles of IP Cameras
- Standard
- Megapixel
- Smart (edge analytics etc.)
VS - Cameras
Infrared cameras require…?
IR Source
VS - Cameras
Which cameras do not require an IR source?
Thermal Cameras
VS - Cameras
Camera selection criteria, in order of importance
- Sensitivity (light)
- Resolution (image quality)
- Features (WDR, IR, analytics, etc)
VS - Cameras
Placement of cameras is dictated by
Angle of View
Pixels Per Foot
VS - Cameras
3 Basic sensitivities of cameras
Full - Light
Lower - Light
Low - Light
VS - Cam Lenses
The camera is selected before the lens
The lens is selected based on its ability to provide the desired identification information
VS - Cameras
The lens is one of the few elements of a video system not converting to digital
Various functions of the lens can be automated (auto-iris, zoom/varifocal, focus)
VS - Cameras
5 Main types of lenses
- Wide angle (best for 0 to 15’ ranges)
- Standard (best for 15 to 50’ range) equivalent to the view from the human eye)
- Telephoto (best for > 50’ range)
- Varifocal
- Zoom
VS - Camera lens
2 Differences between zoom & varifocal lenses
- The range of focal length is small in the varifocal
- Varifocal lenses do not have a tracking mechanism to align focal length with focus
VS - Video storage / recording
When storing & using security video, it is important to decide whether the system’s purpose is to…
Verify information
Prove information
Aid a prosecution with the information
VS - Surveillance / Recording
Types of Recorders
DVR: Analog inputs only, converted to digital in the box, stored on hard drive or external media
NVR: Analog or digital inputs, analog converted to digital, stored on hard drive or external media
Server / Cloud: Digital inputs stored on network storage devices
Locking Systems - Locks
- Most widely used methods of controlling physical access
- Among the oldest of security devices
- Should not be relied upon as the only means of physical protection for important assets
- Should always be used with complimentary protection measures
Locks
2 Classes of Locks
Mechanical
Electro-Mechanical
Locks
2 Major components of most mechanical locks
- A coded mechanism (key, cylinder, wheel pack, etc…)
- The fastening device (bolt, latch, etc…)
Locks
4 Component / Assembles of Locks
- Bolt or latch
- Keeper or strike
- Tumbler array
- Key
Locks
Vulnerabilities of mechanical locks
Attack by force (spreading, forcing, twisting, etc…)
Surreptitious attack (picking, raking, bumping, etc…)
Impressioning & try keys
Locks
- Warded (1st type, very weak security, skeleton keys, old houses, antiques)
- Lever (18th century, more security than warded locks, master keyable, safe deposit boxes)
- Pin tumbler (19th century, Linus Yale, most widely used, can be high security, residential/office locks, master-keyable
- Wafer tumbler (sometimes double-bitted boys, mostly furniture locks, lower security than pin tumblers, master-keyable
- Dial Combination (safes, mechanical or electronic
Locking Systems
Without ? security will usually degrade to more privacy
Lock Planning
Locking System Considerations
- Total number of locks
- Major categories of sectors of the system
- Security objectives
- Size & turnover of populations
- Related or supportive security subsystems
- Intelligence or information requirements
- Criticality of asset exposure
Locks
Proper lock planning requires…?
Combination of the “totality” of the area (strengths of doors & walls, drop ceilings, etc..)
Locks
Locking policy should do the following
- Require a systematic approach be taken to the use of locks for security purposes
- Assign specific responsibility for the development of the lock program
- Make all persons responsible for compliance with the program requirement
Locks
Lock Change Methods
- Re-arrange or rotate the locks among doors
- Re-key the locks (most effective
Locks
Master Keying
3 Major security difficulties
- Effective master key accountability
- Manipulations are easier
- Additional maintenance
Lighting
3 Primary functions of security lighting
- Deter criminal activity
- Life safety functions
- Support of video surveillance
Lighting
Typical Lighting Costs
Capitol (upfront costs) approx. 8%
Energy (approx. 88%
Maintenance (4%)
Lighting
Major components of a lighting system
Lamp (bulb)
Luminaire Hardware
Electrical Power
Lighting Terms
Quantity of light emitted by a lamp
Lumen
A typical 100-watt incandescent bulb outputs about 17000 lumens
Lighting Terms
The concentration of light over a particular area
Illuminance
- Floodlight generating 1k lumens illuminates 50’ away
- Spotlight generating 1k lumens illuminates a small area 50 ft away
- Both lights output the same lumens
- Each light generates a different level of illuminance from the same distance
Lighting Terms
The US measures of illuminance (lumens per sq. ft)
Foot Candles
Lighting Terms
Metric measure of illuminance (lumens per sq. meter) 1 FC = 10.76 lux (approximately 10:1 ratio)
Lighting Terms
Illuminance level of the scene
Scene Illuminance
Lighting Terms
Illuminance of the camera lens
Faceplate Illuminance
Lighting Terms
Lumens/watts (output divided by consumption)
Efficacy
Lighting Terms
Initial, cold start time of the light fixture
Strike Time
Lighting Terms
Re-Start time at a warm
Re-Strike Time
Lighting Terms
The percentage of light reflected from a scene which depends on the incident light angle, and the texture & composition of the reflecting surface
Reflectance
Lights - Color
Color rendition index (CRI)
- The scale of 0 to 100
- 70 to 80 CRI is good; above 80 is excellent 100 is daylight
Light Coverage
The measurement of variation in lighting levels
Uniformity
- Working environments are 1: 0.7
- A pedestrian walkway is 4:1
- A roadway is 10:1
- Higher uniformity levels provide better depth perception & greater perception of security
Light Uniformity & Coverage
What ration is preferred for a parking structure?
4:1 Uniformity Ratio
Landscaping environments can be expensive to light due to the numerous area of potential concealment
Lighting should be focused from the ground up into trees & shrubs to deter concealment
Lighting ratios in parking lots should not exceed…?
4:1
Lighting
A bright white, horizontal strip along the interior walls of parking structures provides higher contrasts & facilitates object identification
Lighting
Along with building facades where individual exterior objects cannot be adequately lit, providing a high contrast will give good identification of shape & movement - flood lights work well for this purpose
Lighting
What should the height of light poles in parking areas be to reduce shadows & dark spots?
12 - 14 Feet
Lighting
What kind of lighting is preferred outdoors because?
- Broader, more natural light distribution
- Requires fewer poles
- Is more aesthetically pleasing
High Mast Lighting
Lighting implications to video surveillance
The successful deployment of even the simplest VSS requires an understanding of…
- Relative levels of the scene illumination produced by natural sources
- The amount of light reflected from typical scenes
- The resultant faceplate illumination levels required by the variety of image tube & solid-state imagers
Light
Lighting considerations for video surveillance
- CRI
- Reflectance of materials
- Directionality of reflected light
The two most important parameters of a lighting system for video surveillance are its…?
- Minimum intensity
- Evenness of illumination
Light
Cameras are light-averaging devices - All lighting in the camera’s FOV must be…
Even, not just the target areas
Lighting
The sensitivity of a CCTV camera can be defined as the minimum amount of illumination required to produce a specified output signal
The following factors are involved in producing a video signal
- Illuminance level of the scene
- Spectral distribution of the illumination source
- Object reflectance
- Total scene reflectance
- Camera lens aperture
- Camera lens transmittance
- Spectral response of the camera imager
- Video amplifier gain, bandwidth, & signal-to-noise ration
- Electronic processing circuity
Lighting
Minimal output video signal is usually?
1 Volt peak-to-peak (VPP)
Lighting
Camera sensitivity may sometimes be overstated based on these two, commonly used factors
- Higher scene reflectance than normally encountered
- Greater transmittance than is commonly available in standard auto-iris lenses with neutral density spot filters
Lighting
A minimum of 1.5 fc is required for a camera system using on f / 1.8 or faster lens & a solid-state imager
- This assumes reflectivity of 25%
- This also assumes a light; dark ratio of no more than 4:1
- 4:1 ratio is allowed to creep to 6:1 as materials age
Protective Lighting
Protective Lighting Types
- Standby
- Continuous
- Moveable
- Emergency
- Glare projection
- Controlled
Lighting
General security lighting equipment
Streetlight
Searchlight
Floodlight
High Mast Lighting
Lighting
The number of luminaires required to cover an area is a function of…
- The area to be covered
- Light levels required
- The height of the luminaires & their design
- Type of lighting used
Lighting
Rule of thumb for outside lighting
You should be able to read a driver’s license or newspaper with some eyestrain
Lighting
The general rule for lighting levels with regard to Identification of subjects
- Detection (someone is there) - 0.5 fc
- Recognition (recognizing the person) - 1.0 fc
- Identification (evidentory) - 2.0 fc
Perimeter fence = 0.50 FC
Outer perimeter = 0.50 - 2.00 FC
Open area = 2.00 FC
Open parking lot = 0.20 - 0.90 fc
Covered parking lot = 5.00 fc
Pedestrian walkway = 0.20 fc
Pedestrian entrance = 5.00 fc
Vehicle entrance = 10.00 fc
Building facade = 0.50 - 2.00 fc
Gatehouse = 30.00 fc
Loading dock exterior = 0.20 - 5.00 fc
Loading bay = 15.00 fc
Office general = 30.00 - 50.00 fc
Office task = 50.00 - 30.00 fc
Interior public area = 10.00 - 20.00 fc
Retail store = 50.00 fc
Bank - lobby = 20.00 fc
Bank - teller = 50.00 fc
Bank - ATM = 15.00 fc
Lighting
Typical Reflectance Levels
- Asphalt = 5%
- Concrete (old) = 40%
- Concrete (new) = 25%
- Red bricks = 25%
- Grass = 40%
- Snow = 95%
Lighting
Lighting levels may cause a light trespass onto adjoining properties, including sidewalks & roadways
Lighting
Light trespass must not cause glare or excessive contrast to drivers & pedestrians, both on and off the organization’s property
Lighting
A dirty environment may result in a reduction of up to 20% per year in light output due to dirty lighting
Lighting
Lighting output in an office or other clean environment declines by 3 - 4% each year due to dirt accumulation on lighting fixtures & bulbs
Barrier Purposes
- Physically & psychologically deters the undetermined
- Delays the determined
- Channels authorized traffic
- Discourages unauthorized traffic that takes place by Accident Force Stealth
- Explicitly defines territorial boundaries
- May be used to preventing views of the facility
- May be used to preventing placement of listening devices
Barrier Notes
- Should be supported by interior clear zone whose width depends on the threat
- Should be supplemented by sensors and/or other security measures
- Should not provide concealment opportunities
- Should not obstruct lighting, video surveillance, or intrusion detection
- Should not facilitate observation of the facility
A dirty environment may result in a reduction of up to 20% per year in light output due to dirty lighting
Recommended Light Cleaning Cycle
Every 3 Years
Barrier Types
Natural
Structural
If a barrier’s effectiveness is uncertain it should be considered a potential obstacle
Selection & placement of barriers depend on the adversary’s objective
Balanced Design
What provides equal delay - No weak links?
Layered Barriers
Balanced Design
Barrier penetration begins how many feet in front of the barrier & ends how many feet beyond it
2 FT & 2 FT
Barriers
Fences & Walls
- Are the most common perimeter barriers
- Define areas & give notice of a protected property line
- Demonstrate commitment to security & may stop a casual trespasser
- Channel traffic & reduce the required number of security personnel
- Provide intrusion detection and/or video surveillance zone
- Force intruders to demonstrate intent
- Must be maintained
Barriers - Walls
Walls are generally more resistant to penetration than the doors, windows, vents, & other openings
- Most can be breached with the right tools
- Using explosives & cutting tools and adversary can make a “crawl hole” through 18” reinforced concrete in under 5 min.
- Increasing wall thickness usually adds only a moderate delay against explosives, even though the amount of explosive needed increases substantially with a wall thickness
- Ordinary reinforced concrete walls can be penetrated quickly because they are generally designed to support structural loads, not to thwart or delay penetration
Walls ctd…
- Placing two or more reinforced concrete walls in series results in longer penetration delays than using one wall that is thick as the two walls combined
- Removing the rebar often takes longer than removing the concrete; delay can be increased by using additional rebar; increasing rebar size, or decreasing rebar spacing
Walls ctd…
- Use earth cover or other overburden to delay access to the wall itself
- Hardening a normally constructed building against forcing penetration for a significant period is rarely practical or cost-effective
Fences
Wire toppers on fences do not prevent intrusion but rolls of barbed tape on or near them can increase delay…
Fences
One of the most cost-effective additions to a fence?
Attach a roll of barbed tape to the outriggers
Fences
Where are barbed-tape rolls normally placed
Inside an outer-perimeter fence & outside on inner (double) fence
Fences
Which direction should outriggers point in order to eliminate the hand grip used by intruders when climbing over the fence
Towards the inside
Fences
Inner-fence-lines (double fence areas such as prisons) are spaced how far from the outer fence-line?
10 - 20 Ft
Electrified Fencing
What is the design of most industrial electrified fences?
8 ft. tall with 20 wires fitted to the inside of the chain link perimeter fence
Fences
Electrified fences pulses electrical energy 45 times per minute
Fences
2 Types of Electrified Fences
- All live wire “deterrent” fence (less common)
- “Monitored” fence (more common)
Fences
4 Basic Types of Expanded Metal
Standard / Regular
Grating
Flattened
Architectural or Decorative
Barriers - Gates
- Establish points of entry & exit to an area defined by fences & walls
- Limit or prohibit the flow of pedestrian or vehicular traffic
- Establish a controlled traffic pattern
- Should provide equal levels of delay as perimeter
Barriers - Doors
While walls may be hardened, doors tend to be a weak link in a structure because of their functional requirements & associated hardware
Barriers - Doors
If the door assembly cannot be sufficiently enhanced it may not be cost-effective to upgrade the building structure
Barriers - Doors
Most common exterior doors are 1.75” thick with 16 or 18 gauge steel surface sheets, usually, hollow or filled with composite material
Barriers - Doors
How long does it take to defeat exposed hinges & remove the door from the frame
1 Minute
How can a door vulnerability be mitigated?
By welding the hinge pin heads to the hinge knuckles, using the hidden “stud-in-hole” method, or affixing a z-strip to the rear face of the door
Barriers - Doors
Door Classifications
- Standard industrial doors
- Personal doors
- Attack- and bullet - resistant doors
- Vehicle access doors
- Vault doors
- Blast-resistant doors
- Turnstile gates
Barriers - Doors
Unnecessary external doors should be eliminated as well as unnecessary, external (exposed) door hardware
Barriers - Doors
How can doors be reinforced?
Steel plates on their surfaces, heavy duty hinges, and filling frames with concrete
Barriers - Doors
What increases the delay time for thermal cutting tools by 3x or 4x?
Installing wood cares in metal doors especially using redwood
What only requires 1/2” to 3/4” of space to defeat the lock?
Prying or spreading the jamb from the door
How can it be mitigated? Welded 2” wide metal strips, concrete - filled frames and high security deadbolts
Barriers - Windows
How can windows be hardened?
Additional or heavier fasteners in the frames, or by welding the frames
Barriers - Windows
Transparent plastic glazing
- Some types are combustible & their use may be restricted by fire codes
- Acrylic plastic like Lucite & Plexiglass, if less than one inch thick, can be broken with hand tools in less than 10 seconds
- Polycarbonates resist impact about as well as bullet-resistant glass
- Lexan in 1/2” thickness resists hand-tool penetration for up to 2 minutes
- Thermal tool attacks require about one minute but cause combustion & the release of toxic gases
Barriers - Windows
Glass/polycarbonate composite glazing contains a tough core of what?
Polycarbonate between 2 layers of glass
Windows
Glass/polycarbonate composite glazing is developed for use in prisons
Windows
The thickest panels of glass/polycarbonate lasted 10 minutes against miscellaneous steel tools
Barriers - Windows
Used often in fire doors & fire windows?
Wire Glass
Windows ctd…
Wire Glass is made up of…?
1/4” material fabricated with diamond, square, or hexagonal wire patterns
How fast can wire glass be penetrated with hand tools?
20 Seconds
Laminated Glass
- Made of two or more panes of annealed float sheet, or plate glass
- Bonded to a layer or layers of plastic
Windows
Safety glass that is 1/4” thick can be penetrated in…?
30 Seconds
Security glass that is 9/16” thick requires 15 minutes of work w/ hand tools to produce a crawl-through hole
Barriers - Utility Portals
Openings other than doors & windows, through which maintenance & other functions might be performed
Utility Ports
Barriers - Roofs
Can be enhanced in several ways (new & existing)
- Enhancing membranes w/ embedded screen
- Added several inches of rigid insulation
- Using concrete reinforced with deformed steel bars & expanded steel mesh
- Forming larger rebar into several rows or layers for reinforced concrete
- Increasing the number of fasteners & adding structural members to corrugated roofs
- Using mechanical fasteners or joints & a continuous weld & heavier gauge material on metal roof systems
- Using larger rebar to strengthen the flange area of precast concrete tee beams
Barriers - Roofs
Contemporary roof types’ include the following
- Prestressed concrete tee beam
- Metal subdeck & reinforced concrete
- Metal roof deck with lightweight concrete
- Metal roof deck with insulation
- Metal Roof
- Reinforced concrete beam & slab
- Wood sheathing with membrane
Barriers - Roofs
Which roof improvements provide the best value
- Penetration tests suggest that barriers placed below the roof may be more effective against penetration than those in the roof itself
- The optimal distance between the roof & the secondary barrier is 10” to 12”
- Earth coverings of both roofs & walls are effective delay barriers
Vehicle Barriers
Types of barrier methodologies
- Vehicle arrestor (slows vehicle to a stop)
- Crash cushion (cushions the impact that stops a vehicle) (moderate distance)
- Inertia device (rigid, heavy moveable objects)
- Rigid device (fixed devices) { a very short distance - almost immediate }
Vehicle Barriers
A moving vehicle possesses kinetic energy, which must be dissipated by the vehicular barrier
Vehicle Barriers
Optimum vehicular barrier height?
Almost 30” but can vary depending on threat vehicles
Vehicle Barriers
Since cable barriers are easy to defeat with hand-held tools, they should be used only in areas well patrolled or monitored with sensors or cameras
Vehicle Barriers
DOD “K - ratings” for barriers / barricades
- K4 stops a 15,000 lb. vehicle at 30 mph
- K8 stops a 15,000 lb. vehicle at 40 mph
K12 stops a 15,000 lb. vehicle at 50 mph
Vehicle Barriers
Vehicle barriers outside the detection & assessment zone are not recommended
Vehicle Barriers
Private vehicles should be kept in secured areas as much as possible
Barriers - Dispensible Barriers
Typically includes the following elements
- Process for deciding when to activate the barrier
- Command & control hardware
- Material deployed to delay access or incapacitate an aggressor
- Dispensing mechanism
- Security officers on-site
Dispensible Barriers
Barriers isolate the aggressor….?
Visually
Acoustically
At Location
(or any combination of these)
Dispensible Barriers
Passive dispensable barriers have no command and control component making them less expensive (but riskier)
Dispensible Barriers
Systems last 10 to 25 years, and active systems require routine maintenance
Safes & Vaults
Safes weighing less than 750 lbs are considered portable & UL standards require they be anchored in place
Safes & Vaults
Burglary resistant safes do not generally protect against fire
Safes & Vaults
Burglary / Fire Resistant Containers
Some containers can achieve UL rating for burglary & fire resistance
Fire - Resistant Safes
UL Classifications
350-4 (formerly A)
350-2 (formerly B)
350-1 (formerly C)
Fire Resistant Safes
Classification / Testing process also includes
A drop-test & harsher temperature test than filling devices
Insulated filing devices UL Class
350 - 1 (formerly D)
350 - 2 (formerly E)
Fire Resistant Safes
Classification / Testing process does not include a drop test
Different types of safes designed for records protection
- Fire-resistant safes & record containers
- Insulated filing devices
- Containers to protect magnetic media
- Electronic media containers are designed to protect contents to 125 or 150 degrees & 80% humidity for 1, 2, 3 & 4 periods (125-1, 150-1, 125-2, 150-2 etc)
- Different types of safes designed for records
1. fire-resistant safes & record containers
2. Insulated firing devices
3. Containers to protect magnetic media
Safes
- The minimum thickness of a 4-hour vault wall is 12” for brick & 8” for reinforced concrete
- The minimum thickness for a 6-hour vault wall is 12” for brick and 10” for reinforced concrete
Fire Resistant Vaults
Construction Standards
- Reinforced concrete with steel rods at least 1/2” diameter, spaced 6” on center & running at right angles in both directions
- Rods are wired securely at intersections not over 12” apart in both directions & installed centrally in the wall or panel
- A brick protection used is filled solidly with the steel with concrete
Burglary Resistant Vaults
- Avoid exterior wall location
- All 6 surfaces of a vault should give equal protection
- Unreinforced concrete should never be penetrated
(vaults are designed to resist penetration for a defined period)
- # 4 (1/2”) rebar & smaller diameters can be cut w/ hand tools
