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NURS 402: Lecture > Asepsis and Infection Control > Flashcards

Asepsis and Infection Control Flashcards

Exam 3

1
Q

Components of the Infection Cycle:

A
  1. Infectious agent
  2. Reservoir
  3. Portal of Exit
  4. Means of transmission
  5. Portal of entry:
  6. Susceptible host
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2
Q

Infectious agent

A

: bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites

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3
Q

Reservoir:

A

natural habitat of the organism

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4
Q

Portal of exit:

A

point of escape for the organism

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5
Q

Means of transmission:

A

direct contact, indirect contact, airborne route

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6
Q

Portal of entry:

A

point at which organisms enter a new host

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7
Q

Susceptible host:

A

must overcome resistance mounted by host’s defenses

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8
Q

Most significant and most prevalent infectious agents in hospital settings

A

Bacteria

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9
Q

Smallest of all microorganisms

A

Virus

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10
Q

Fungi:

A

plant-like organisms present in air, soil, and water

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11
Q

Parasites:

A

live on or in a host and rely on it for nourishment

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12
Q

Classification of Bacteria

A

Categorized by SHAPE:

Categorized by response to gram staining:

Categorized by need for oxygen

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13
Q

How are Bacteria Categorized by SHAPE:

A

Spherical
Rod shaped
Corkscrew shaped

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14
Q

Spherical shape is also known as:

A

(cocci)

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15
Q

Rod shaped is also known as:

A

Rod shaped (bacilli)

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16
Q

Bacteria Categorized by response to gram staining:

A

Gram positive
Gram negative

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17
Q

Bacteria Categorized by need for oxygen

A

Aerobic
Anaerobic

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18
Q

Aerobic—

A

need oxygen to live

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19
Q

Anaerobic

A

can live without oxygen

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20
Q

Factors Affecting an Organism’s Potential to Produce Disease

A

Number of organisms
Virulence
Competence of person’s immune system
Length and intimacy of contact between person and microorganism

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21
Q

Endemic

A

occurs with predictability in one specific region or population

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22
Q

Pandemic

A

global outbreaks of a new or not previously identified virus

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23
Q

Possible Reservoirs for Microorganisms

A

Other people

Animals

Soil

Food, water, milk

Inanimate objects

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24
Q

Common Portals of Exit

A

Respiratory
Gastrointestinal
Genitourinary tracts
Breaks in skin
Blood and tissue

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25
Q

Means of Transmission

A

Direct contract

Indirect contact

Droplet

Airborne

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26
Q

Indirect contact includes:

A

Vector

Formite

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27
Q

Stages of Infection

A
  1. Incubation period
  2. Prodromal stage
  3. Full stage of illness
  4. Convalescent period
28
Q

Incubation period

A

Organisms growing and multiplying

29
Q

Prodromal stage

A

Person is most infectious, vague and nonspecific signs of disease

30
Q

Full stage of illness

A

Presence of specific signs and symptoms of disease

31
Q

Convalescent period

A

recovery from the infection

32
Q

What does the inflammatory response help with:

A

Helps the body neutralize, control, or eliminate the offending agent, and prepare the site for repair.

33
Q

What does the inflammatory response occur in response to?

A

Occurs in response to infection or injury

34
Q

Is the inflammatory response chronic or acute?

A

Can be acute or chronic

35
Q

Two stages of the inflammatory response:

A
  1. Vascular phase
  2. Cellular phase
36
Q

Vascular phase

A

vasodilation increases blood flow (redness and heat); histamine released causes permeability of vessels and protein-rich fluid to get to the site of injury (swelling, pain, loss of function)

36
Q

CELLULAR STAGE:

A

leukocytes/neutrophils consume debris; damaged cells are repaired

37
Q

Immune Response

A

Body attempts to protect and defend itself

38
Q

Two types of immune responses

A
  1. Humoral immunity
  2. Cell-mediated immunity
39
Q

Humoral immunity include:

A

Antigens

Antibody

40
Q

Antigen

A

foreign material (ex; bacteria)

41
Q

Antibody

A

produced by the body in response to antigen

42
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

Increase in lymphocytes that destroy or react with cells that the body recognizes as harmful

43
Q

Factors Affecting Risk for Infection

A

Intact skin and mucous membranes

Normal pH levels

Age, sex, and hereditary factors

Body’s wbcs

Immunization, natural or acquired

Fatigue, climate, nutritional and general health status

Stress

Use of invasive or indwelling medical devices

44
Q

Laboratory Data Indicating Infection

A

Increase in specific types of white blood cells

Elevated wbc count

Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate

Presence of pathogen in urine, blood, sputum, or draining cultures

45
Q

What is the normal white blood cell count?

A

5000 to 10000/mm3

46
Q

Outcome Identification and Planning/Infection Control

A

Demonstrate effective hand hygiene and good personal hygiene practices

Identify the signs of an infection

Maintain adequate nutritional intake

Demonstrate proper disposal of soiled articles

Use appropriate cleansing and disinfecting techniques

Demonstrate an awareness of the necessity of proper immunizations

Demonstrate stress-reduction techniques

47
Q

Asepsis

A

Includes all activities to prevent infection or break the chain of infection

48
Q

Two types of Asepsis

A
  1. Medical asepsis
  2. Surgical asepsis
49
Q

Medical asepsis

A

Clean technique to reduce number of pathogens
Hand hygiene and wearing gloves

50
Q

Surgical asepsis

A

Sterile technique to keep area free from microorganisms

Inserting an indwelling urinary catheter or IV

51
Q

Five Moments for Hand Hygiene (WHO)

A

Moment 1—Before touching a patient

Moment 2—Before a clean or aseptic procedure

Moment 3—After a body fluid exposure risk

Moment 4—After touching a patient

Moment 5—After touching patient surroundings

52
Q

Two types of Bacterial Flora:

A
  1. Transient
  2. Resident
53
Q

Transient Flora:

A

attached loosely on skin, removed with relative ease

54
Q

Resident flora:

A

Resident: found in creases in skin, requires friction with brush to remove

55
Q

Targeted Health Care-Associated Infections (HAIs)

A
  1. Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI)
  2. Surgical site infection (SSI)
  3. Central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI)
  4. Invasive healthcare- associated and hospital-onset methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections
  5. Clostridioides difficile (C. diff) infections (CDIs) and CDI hospitalizations
56
Q

Multidrug-Resistant Organisms

A

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Vancomycin Intermediate-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VISA), Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA), and Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE)

Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)

Acinetobacter Baumannii (CRAB)

Clostridioides Difficile (CDI)

57
Q

Factors Determining Use of Sterilization and Disinfection Methods

A

Time

Nature of organisms present

Number of organisms present

Type of equipment

Intended use of equipment

Available means for sterilization and disinfection

58
Q

Personal Protective Equipment and Supplies

A

Gloves

Gowns

Masks

Protective eyewear

59
Q

Standard Precautions- what does it apply to?

A

Apply to blood, all body fluids, secretions, and excretions except sweat (whether or not blood is present or visible), nonintact skin, and mucous membranes

60
Q

Standard Precautions- where is it used?

A

Used in the care of all hospitalized patients regardless of their diagnosis or possible infection status

61
Q

What are the new additions to standard precautions

A

New additions are respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette, safe injection practices, and directions to use a mask when performing high-risk prolonged procedures involving spinal canal punctures

62
Q

Transmission-Based Precautions

A

Used in addition to standard precautions for patients in hospitals with suspected infection with pathogens that can be transmitted by airborne, droplet, or contact routes.

63
Q

Guidelines for Transmission Based Precautions

A

The 2007 guidelines include a directive to don personal protective equipment (PPE) when entering the room of a patient on transmission-based precautions, and to remove only when leaving the room.

64
Q

Three types of Transmission Based Precautions

A

Three types (airborne, droplet, or contact) may be used alone or in combination.

65
Q

Patient Teaching for Medical Asepsis at Home

A

Wash hands before preparing or eating food

Prepare foods at high enough temperatures

Wash hands, cutting boards, and utensils before and after handling raw poultry and meat

Keep food refrigerated

Wash raw fruits and vegetables

Use pasteurized milk and fruit juices

Wash hands after using bathroom

Use individual care items rather than sharing

66
Q

Evaluating Patient Goals

A

Correctly use techniques of medical asepsis

Identify health habits and lifestyle patterns promoting health

State signs and symptoms of an infection

Identify unsafe situations in the home environment

NURS 402: Lecture (17 decks)

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