Activity Flashcards
Exam 3
Role of Skeletal System in Movement
- Supports the soft tissues of the body
- Protects crucial components of the body
- Furnishes surfaces for the attachment of muscles, tendons, and ligaments
- Provides storage areas for minerals and fat
- Produces blood cells
Freely movable joints include:
- Ball and socket
- Condyloid
- Gliding
- Hinge
- Pivot
- Saddle
How are bones classified by shape?
- Long bone
- Short bone
- Flat bone
- Irregular bone
Long bones
upper and lower extremities
Short bones
wrist and ankle
Flat bones:
ribs and skull bones
Irregular bones:
spinal column and jaw
Joint movements include:
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction
Flexion
Extension
Hyperextension
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
More joint movements:
Rotation
Internal rotation
External rotation
Supination
Pronation
Inversion
Eversion
Three Types of Muscles
- Skeletal
- Cardiac
- Smooth or visceral
Important functions of muscles
- Motion
- Maintenance of posture
- Support
- Heat production
Effect of Nervous System on Muscle Contraction: What do neurons do?
Neurons conduct impulses from one part of the body to another
Effect of Nervous System on Muscle Contraction: What do afferent nervous system do?
The afferent nervous system conveys information from receptors in the periphery to the CNS
Information is processed by the CNS leading to a response
Effect of Nervous System on Muscle Contraction: What does the efferent neurons do?
Information is processed by the CNS leading to a response
The efferent neurons convey the response from the CNS to skeletal muscles by way of the somatic nervous system
Postural Reflexes
Labyrinthine sense
Proprioceptor or kinesthetic sense
Visual or optic reflexes
Extensor or stretch reflexes
Ergonomics:
Practice of designing equipment and work tasks to confirm to the capability of the worker
Variables that can lead to patient handling injuries
Uncoordinated lifts
High exertion
Awkward or static postures
Manual lifting and transferring
Repetitive movements or tasks
Standing for long periods of time
Factors Influencing Mobility
Developmental considerations
Physical health
Mental health
Lifestyle
Attitude and values
Fatigue and stress
External factors
Types of Exercise:
- Isotonic
- Isometric
- Isokinetic
Isotonic Exercises
muscle shortening and active movement
Isometric exercises
muscle contraction without shortening
Isokinetic exercises
muscle contraction with resistance
Benefits of exercise on Respiratory system
Improved alveolar ventilation
Decreased work of breathing
Improved diaphragmatic excursion
Benefits of Exercise to Cardiovascular System
Increased efficiency of the heart
Decreased heart rate and blood pressure
Increased blood flow to all body parts
Improved venous return
Increased circulating fibrinolysin (substance that breaks up smallclots)
Benefits of Exercise to Metabolic processesand the GI System
Increased triglyceride breakdown
Increased gastric motility
Increased production of body heat
Increased appetite
Increased intestinal tone, improving digestion and elimination
Weight control
Risks Related to Exercise
Precipitation of a cardiac event
Orthopedic discomfort and disability
Other health problems
Benefits of Exercise to MusculoskeletalSystem
Increased muscle efficiency (strength) and flexibility
Increased coordination
Reduced bone loss
Increased efficiency of nerve impulse transmission
Health History
Daily activity level
Endurance
Exercise/fitness goals
Mobility problems
Physical or mental health alterations
External factors affecting mobility
Effects of Immobility on the Body
Cardiovascular system
Respiratory system
Musculoskeletal system
Metabolic processes
Gastrointestinal system
Urinary system
Skin
Psychosocial outlook
Physical Assessment for Mobility
General ease of movement
Gait and posture
Alignment
Joint structure and
function
Muscle mass, tone, and strength
Endurance
Variables Leading to Back Injury in Health Care Workers
Uncoordinated lifts
Manual lifting and transferring of patients without assistive devices
Lifting when fatigued or after recent back injury recovery
Repetitive movements such as lifting, transferring, and repositioning patients
Standing for long periods of time
Transferring patients
Repetitive tasks
Transferring/repositioning uncooperative or confused patients
Proper Body Mechanics- what is it?
Use of proper body movement in daily activities
Proper body mechanics: what does it prevent?
The prevention and correction of problems associated with posture
Proper body mechanics- what does it enhance?
The enhancement of coordination and endurance
Equipment and Assistive Devices
Gait belts
Stand-assist and repositioning aids
Lateral-assist devices
Friction-reducing sheets
Mechanical lateral-assist devices
Transfer chairs
Powered stand-assist and repositioning lifts
Powered full-body lifts
Positioning Patients- What do you need?
Pillows
Mattresses
Adjustable beds
Bed side rails
Trapeze bar
Additional equipment
Protective positions for patients
Fowler’s
Supine or dorsal recumbent
Side lying or lateral position
Sims’ position
Prone position
Moving, Turning, or Transferring
Turning the patient in bed
Moving a patient up in bed
Moving a patient from bed to stretcher
Moving a patient from bed to chair
Assisting with range-of-motion exercises
Active
Passive
Assisting with range-of-motion exercises
Active
Passive
Physical Conditioning
Quadriceps and gluteal setting drills
Push-ups
Dangling
Mechanical Aids for Walking
Walker
Cane
Braces
Crutches
