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Parasitology > Ascarids > Flashcards

Ascarids Flashcards

1
Q

What is the superfamily name for Ascarids?

A

Ascaridoidea

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2
Q

What are characteristic features of adult ascarids?

A

Host specific, Adults are large, white nematodes, with 3 lips, and 10-30 cm long.

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3
Q

What are characteristic features of the Ascarid eggs?

A

Thick walled, very resistant and can last many years in the environment.

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4
Q

What is the infective stage of the Ascarid?

A

L2 in a thick-walled egg

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5
Q

Who do Ascarids predominately affect?

A

Young animals

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6
Q

What is the common name for Toxocara Canis?

A

Common roundworm, ascarid

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7
Q

Who are the hosts to Toxocara Canis? Is it Zoonotic?

A

Dogs. Yes, it is zoonotic

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8
Q

Describe the features of Toxocara Canis adults.

A

Large white nematodes in the small intestine, 10-15 cm in size.

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9
Q

What mixed infection can Toxocara Canis be observed with?

A

Toxascaris Leonina (older animals)

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10
Q

What are the characteristic features of the Toxocara Canis eggs?

A

Eggs are dark brown, round, thick pitted shell, measuring 85 x 75 micrometers.

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11
Q

Does Toxocara Canis have a direct or indirect life cycle?

A

Direct

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12
Q

What are the four modes of infection of Toxocara Canis?

A
  1. Per Os
  2. Transplacental or prenatal
  3. Transmammary
  4. Paratenic hosts
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13
Q

Describe the Per Os mode of infection of Toxocara Canis.

A

Eggs with L2 are passed in the feces and are infective in the environment in 2-4 weeks -> Final host ingests the infective egg and the larvae hatch in the small intestine -> larvae undergo hepatic-tracheal migration and return to the small intestine where the adults mature -> eggs are laid after 4-5 weeks

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14
Q

Can dogs older than 5 weeks of age be infected Per Os? If so, explain.

A

Yes, but due to acquired immunity the larvae are distributed via the circulatory system to the somatic tissues where their development is arrested (parasite does not mature to adult stage).

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15
Q

Describe the Transplacental mode of infection of Toxocara Canis.

A

In the pregnant bitch, the arrested larvae (L3) move across the placenta at week 6 of gestation and are carried to the fetal liver via circulatory system -> After birth, nematodes migrate to stomach and mature in small intestine.

FYI this is the most common route of infection to pups

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16
Q

Describe the Transmammary mode of infection of Toxocara Canis.

A

The suckling pup may be infected by migration of L3 in the milk during the first 3 weeks of lactation. No further migration in the pup occurs.

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17
Q

Describe the Paratenic Host mode of infection of Toxocara Canis.

A

Rodents or birds may ingest the infective egg -> the hatched L2 travel to tissues where they remain -> the final host (dog) would eat the paratenic host and further development into the adult stage is confined to the GI tract.

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18
Q

What is the PPP for Per Os and Paratenic host mode of infection of Toxocara Canis?

A

4-7 weeks

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19
Q

What is the PPP for the prenatal infection of Toxocara Canis?

A

3 weeks

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20
Q

What are the sites of infection of Toxocara Canis?

A

Adults in small intestine. Pneumonia can occur due to hepatic-tracheal migration

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21
Q

What are the pathogenesis and lesions of Toxocara Canis?

A

In moderate infections there is little damage by larvae or adults

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22
Q

What are some of the clinical signs of Toxocara Canis?

A
  1. Depends on the age of dog, the number, the site of infection and the age of the nematodes.
  2. Intestinal obstruction with large numbers, pot bellied appearance.
  3. Puppies can die from pneumonia and vomit after every meal if heavily infected.
  4. Heavy infections: nematodes pass with feces and vomitus, feces unformed
23
Q

How is Toxocara Canis diagnosed?

A

Eggs in fecal flotation. Adults at necropsy or infeces and vomitus.

24
Q

How is Toxocara Canis diagnosed?

A

Fecal flotation of eggs and at necropsy adults are recovered in the small intestine.

25
Q

List the many treatment and preventative actions for Toxocara Canis.

A
  1. Management of environment and use of anthelmintics
  2. Vet has responsibility to diagnose and inform public
  3. Adult nematodes easily removed
  4. Control should be in puppies
  5. Treating somatic stages in bitch with Fenbendazole, Ivermectin, or Selamectin
  6. Frequent treatment of puppies
  7. Treat adults every 3-6 Months
  8. Remove feces. It is zoonotic and can cause visceral larval migrans and ocular larval migrans
26
Q

What is the common name for Toxocara Cati?

A

Common roundworm, ascarid

27
Q

What is the parasitic rating for Toxocara Cati?

A

Rating 1

28
Q

What are the hosts for Toxocara Cati?

A

Cats

29
Q

Is Toxocara Cati zoonotic?

A

Yes, although rare, can cause visceral larval migrans in humans.

30
Q

What are the characteristic features of adult Toxocara Cati?

A

Large white nematode, 4-10cm, occuring as a mixed infection with Toxascaris Leonina. Owners often collect nematodes in vomitus.

31
Q

What are the characteristic features of the eggs of Toxocara Cati?

A

Thick pitted shell, colorless, 60 x 80 micrometers.

32
Q

How can you differentiate between T. Cati and T. Leonina?

A

Differentiate based on the shape of the cervical alae in the adults. Cervical alae of anterior of T. Cati are shaped as an arrow-head and those of T. Leonina taper gradually.

33
Q

List the modes of infection for Toxocara Cati.

A
  1. Per Os
  2. Transmammary
  3. Paratenic Hosts
34
Q

What is the site of infection for Toxocara Cati?

A

Small intestine

35
Q

What is the pathogenesis and lesions of Toxocara Cati?

A

Less migration than T. Canis

36
Q

What are the clinical signs of Toxocara Cati?

A

Similar to T. Canis. Depends on the age of the cat, the number, site of infection and age of the nematodes. Obtain pot-belly appearance.

37
Q

What is the diagnosis for Toxocara Cati?

A

Eggs in fecal flotation and adults in necropsy

38
Q

What is the treatment and prevention for Toxocara Cati?

A

Similar to T. Canis. Visceral larval migrans can occur in humans although rare.

39
Q

What is the common name for Toxascaris Leonina?

A

Ascarid

40
Q

What are the hosts for Toxoscaris leonina?

A

Dogs and Cats

41
Q

What are the characteristic features of adult Toxoscaris Leonina?

A

6-10 cm, male tail has no finger like appendage, as compared to T. Canis.

42
Q

What are the characteristic features of Toxoscaris Leonina eggs?

A

Eggs are oval with smooth thick shell

43
Q

Does Toxocara Cati have a direct or indirect lifestyle?

A

Direct

44
Q

Does Toxascaris Leonina have a direct or indirect life cycle?

A

Direct

45
Q

What are the modes of infection for Toxascaris Leonina?

A

Per Os (PPP 10-11 weeks) and Paratenic host

46
Q

Where is the site of infection for Toxascaris Leonina?

A

Small intestine

47
Q

What is the pathogenesis and lesions of Toxascaris Leonina?

A

Provokes little reaction in the intestine

48
Q

What are the clinical signs for Toxascaris Leonina?

A

Often non-pathogenic. Adults may cause digestive disturbance such as vomition and diarrhea.

49
Q

How is Toxascaris Leonina diagnosed?

A

Smooth shelled eggs in fecal examination, adults in necropsy.

50
Q

What is the treatment and prevention for Toxascaris Leonina?

A

Similar to T. Canis. Hygiene and treatment emphasized.

51
Q

What is this image showing?

A

Toxocara Canis embryonated egg

52
Q

Name the infectious parasite seen in this image.

A

Toxocara Canis

53
Q

What parasitic species do these infective eggs belong to?

A

Toxascaris Leonina

54
Q

What is the infective stage of Toxocara Canis?

A

Egg with L2

Parasitology (11 decks)

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