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PE > AS Sport And Society > Flashcards

AS Sport And Society Flashcards

1
Q

What were the characteristics of pre-industrial Britain?

A
  • illiterate
  • harsh
  • limited free time (worked according to agricultural calendar)
  • feudal system
  • lived in rural areas
  • limited communication and transport
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2
Q

What was the Feudal System?

A

Upper class giving land to lower class for labour and loyalty

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3
Q

What were the characteristics of popular recreation?

A
  • little to no rules
  • aggressive and male dominated
  • played limited times a year
  • played on the land
  • specific to communities
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4
Q

What were the characteristics of mob football?

A
  • little rules
  • aggressive
  • played on the land
  • specific to areas
  • played once a year
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5
Q

Why was mob football banned in the 19th century?

A
  • too violent
  • led to injury/death
  • damage to property
  • gambling
  • association with alcohol
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6
Q

What were the characteristics of real tennis?

A
  • specialist facilities
  • written rules
  • respectful behaviour
  • travel to games
  • specialist equipment
  • played regularly
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7
Q

What was pedestrianism?

A

Early athletics that was set up by the upper class (patrons) for the lower class

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8
Q

What were the characteristics of pedestrianism?

A
  • Simple, unwritten rules
  • local
  • occurred once a year
  • played on the land
  • gambling
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9
Q

What is the definition of rational recreation?

A

Sports/pastimes for the lower class that designed by the middle class to be organised and controlled

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10
Q

Who set up the first Wenlock Olympic Games?

A

Dr William Penny Brookes

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11
Q

What was the purpose of the Wenlock Olympic Games?

A
  • Promote physical endeavour
  • promote moral integrity
  • for the people of Wenlock
  • develop Olympians
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12
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

People moving from rural areas to urban towns/cities

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13
Q

What was the impact of the early Industrial Revolution on society?

A
  • lack of spare time
  • lack of income
  • poor health
  • loss of rights (increase in social control)
  • lack of public provision
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14
Q

What was the impact of the early Industrial Revolution on sport?

A
  • loss of space to play sports
  • lack of spare time to play sports
  • cannot afford specialist equipment/sport
  • too poor health to play sports
  • mob blood sports banned
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15
Q

What was the later impact of the Industrial Revolution on society?

A
  • improved health and hygiene (public baths)
  • gradual increase in wages and spare time (Factory Act giving Saturday half days)
  • improvements in transport and communication
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16
Q

What was the later impact of the Industrial Revolution on sport?

A
  • improved hygiene so could play sports
  • more free time due to Factory Act to play sports on a Saturday afternoon
  • emergence of the middle class to organise and codify sports
  • ex-public school boys sharing experience/knowledge of sport
  • industrial patronage (factory owners setting up teams and leagues)
  • development of transport and communication allowing fixtures
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17
Q

What was the impact of urbanisation on sport?

A
  • Lack of space meant a need for purpose built facilities
  • large working class population meant an increase in spectators
  • loss at traditional sports meant a need for new sports
  • change in working conditions meant improved sporting attendance/performance
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18
Q

What was the Transport Revolution?

A

The development of trains and railways

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19
Q

What was the impact of the Transport Revolution on sport?

A
  • Movement of teams improved the quality of sport
  • showed a need for NGBs
  • improved access meant sport developed from regional to national
  • cheaper travel meant that the working class could follow teams as spectators
  • improved access to countryside lead to sports such as rambling
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20
Q

Why could communication improve?

A

Better education meant people were more literate

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21
Q

What communications were developed?

A

Newspapers

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22
Q

What impact did improved communication have on sport?

A
  • fixtures could be set up
  • fans could keep up with stats and matches
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23
Q

What impact did the Church have on sport?

A
  • promoted sport as a form of social control (stopping drinking/gambling etc)
  • allowed the use of Church facilities to promote Christian values and improve morality
  • involvement of clergy to promote sport
  • Church teams (e.g. Aston Villa)
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24
Q

How did sport promotion benefit the Church?

A

More people attended Church and listened to their values

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25
Q

Why did the three tier class system emerge?

A

The factory owners were too wealthy to be lower class but not wealthy enough to be upper class

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26
Q

What was the impact of the three tier class system on sport?

A
  • codification of sports
  • formal competitions set up
  • philanthropists improving public provisions (public baths/parks) so more healthy people to play
  • Saturday half days increased spare time to play sports
  • professionalism for working classes factories offered broken time payments
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27
Q

What impact did the British Empire have on sports?

A
  • Teachers taught sporting values
  • factory owners setting up teams and giving broken time payments
  • clergy developing teams to promote Christian values
  • military officers spreading sport
  • diplomats travelling the world
  • NGBs codifying sport and establishing leagues and competitions
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28
Q

What was the Municipal Reform Act?

A

Local councils spending money on public provision (public baths/parks)

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29
Q

What was the impact of the Municipal Reform Act?

A
  • social control
  • healthier populations
  • increased factory productivity
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30
Q

Why were NGBs needed?

A
  • more leagues /clubs/ fixtures required
  • maintain amateur ideal
  • codification
  • social control
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31
Q

What were the characteristics of rational recreation?

A
  • respectful
  • regular national leagues
  • strict codification
  • purpose built facilities
  • referees /officials
  • skill based
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32
Q

What was the definition of an amateur?

A

Someone who played sports for the love of it

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33
Q

What was the definition of a professional?

A

Someone who played sports for financial gain

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34
Q

What were the values of amateurism?

A
  • striving for physical endeavour
  • appreciating value of health and fitness
  • appreciating value of organised and codified sports
  • high moral integrity
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35
Q

What were the characteristics of the gentleman amateur?

A
  • upper class
  • respected member of society
  • wealthy
  • lots of free time
  • playing a range of sports
  • high moral code (respectful)
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36
Q

What were the characteristics of professionals?

A
  • lower class
  • trained regularly
  • focus on one sport
  • win at an cost mentality
  • don’t show a high moral code
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37
Q

What was the positive impact of amateurism?

A
  • higher societal status
  • followed a code of ethics
  • developed character
  • ‘all rounder’
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38
Q

Why were professionals seen as morally weak?

A

They played sport for the money and financial gain

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39
Q

What are the characteristics of modern day amateurism?

A
  • train once/twice a week
  • still promote moral integrity
  • anyone can be amateur
  • grass roots
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40
Q

What are the characteristics of modern day professionalism?

A
  • training almost everyday
  • better players than amateurs
  • respected for talent and effort
  • very high financial gain
  • motivators
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41
Q

How did urbanisation affect the growth of Association Football?

A
  • more people playing
  • more supporters
  • need for purpose built facilities
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42
Q

How did free time affect the growth of association football?

A
  • saturday half days
  • more time to watch and play
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43
Q

How did disposable income affect the growth of Association Football?

A
  • increased wages
  • could afford equipment/tickets
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44
Q

How did transport affect the growth of Association Football?

A
  • development of railways
  • cheaper travel
  • easier to travel to watch matches/fixtures
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45
Q

How did professionalism affect the growth of Association Football?

A
  • more opportunities to earn money (broken time payments)
  • first recognised as professional by FA in 1885
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46
Q

How did social class links affect the growth of Association Football?

A
  • middle class approval
  • more respectable image
  • football league set up in 1888
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47
Q

How did organisation affect the growth of Association Football?

A
  • FA set up in 1883
  • codified the game
  • more civilised
  • increased popularity
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48
Q

What was the Bosman Ruling?

A

Players were now permitted to leave a club at the end of their contract without needing a transfer fee

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49
Q

What was lawn tennis?

A
  • patented by Major Waller Clopton Wingfield
  • set up by middle class
  • played in gardens/private clubs
50
Q

What impact did lawn tennis have on women?

A

Women could play lawn tennis as it could be in the privacy of their gardens and could wear long dresses and wouldn’t sweat and it was seen as a social event

51
Q

Who were the women role models for lawn tennis?

A
  • Lottie Dodd (won 5 womens single titles)
  • Miss Maud Watson (first female Wimbledon winner)
52
Q

What were the key features of lawn tennis?

A
  • Developed by middle class as alternative to real tennis
  • played in private clubs/gardens
  • specialist equipment
  • standardised rules
  • played by both genders
  • spread to working class via public provision
53
Q

What were the factors affecting the emergence of elite female footballers?

A
  • equal opportunities due to women playing sport being more socially acceptable
  • increased media coverage of women’s sports
  • more female role models as a result of more media
  • more PE provision as extra curricular increases
  • encouragement from FA
  • more clubs
  • more funding
  • more free time due to traditional roles changing
54
Q

What has affected the number of women officials in football?

A

Women’s Referee Development Pathway has allowed for women to get proper training and opportunities to be official

55
Q

What are the factors affecting the development of modern day women’s athletics?

A
  • purpose built facilities due to urbanisation
  • the Amateur Athletics Association withdrawing exclusion clause as professionals are those that do the sport for the money are not necessarily the working class
  • the Women’s AAA founded in 1922 (although couldn’t race above 800m as it was too strenuous)
  • AAA controlling pay to receive money after retirement
56
Q

What is a society?

A

An organised group of people associated for a specific purpose for a specific purpose/have a shared common interest

57
Q

What is socialisation?

A

A lifelong process where members of society learn norms, values, practices and roles to find their place in society

58
Q

What is internalisation?

A

Absorbing and learning to accept the norms and values of a society

59
Q

What is primary socialisation?

A

Socialisation in early years of childhood, often takes place in immediate family

60
Q

What is secondary socialisation?

A

Socialisation in later years (e.g. teens) where other agencies have a big influence (e.g. friends)

61
Q

What is gender socialisation?

A

Socialisation of historical behaviours and attitudes considered appropriate for each gender

62
Q

What is an example of gender socialisation in sport?

A

Football is for boys and dance is for girls

63
Q

What is social control?

A

The use or mechanisms to restrict behaviour of societies

64
Q

What are some examples of social control in sport?

A
  • Churches allowing people to use their facilities for sports
  • mob football being banned
  • whatever sports boys do girls must have the opportunity to do
65
Q

What is social change?

A

An alteration in the order of society, difficult without involvement of decision making groups

66
Q

What are some examples of programmes aiming to bring about social change?

A
  • This Girl Can (promoting the participation of all women)
  • Cricket For Change (promoting the participation of disabled people in cricket by offering opportunities to play and an apprenticeship programme)
67
Q

What is social inequality?

A

Occurs when resources in a society are unevenly distributed among socially defined categories

68
Q

What are the causes of social inequality and its impact on sports participation?

A
  • lack of money (lower classes cannot afford equipment/ fees)
  • lack of confidence (people may feel judged and won’t want to participate)
  • lack of role models (few female role models)
  • myths/stereotypes (boys in dance as it is seen as a girls sport)
69
Q

What is social stratification?

A

Social inequality based on wealth and status

70
Q

What is the impact of social stratification on school sporting participation?

A
  • private schools have more funding which allows them to have better equipment and coaching and more time to play sports than public schools
  • this improves ability of those that attend private schools to join clubs and become professional
71
Q

What was the Women’s Tennis Association?

A
  • equal pay at the 4 majors
  • set up a women’s only tour
  • allowed women to become professional and see tennis as a viable career
72
Q

What is Social Action Theory?

A

Sport is produced and developed at a particular time period so it will have similar views however people can intervene and change them

73
Q

What is progression?

A

The process of gradually moving towards a more advanced state

74
Q

What is the Interactionist Approach?

A
  • interactions between the sporting authority and the players that allow progression in the sport
  • how social action theory happens
75
Q

What is meant by the term equal opportunities?

A

The right to access the same opportunities regardless of factors like age and race

76
Q

What does prejudice mean?

A

To form an unfavourable opinion of an individual based on inadequate facts

77
Q

What is stereotyping?

A

A standardised image/generalisation about all members of a group

78
Q

What is discrimination?

A

The unfair treatment of a person/minority group based on a prejudice

79
Q

What is overt discrimination?

A

Obvious and visible discrimination e.g. verbal abuse of a player

80
Q

What is covert discrimination?

A

Less obvious and hidden discrimination e.g. non selection based on a persons race

81
Q

How have Sport England’s policy promoted equality and diversity?

A
  • want to develop a culture that enables and values everyone’s involvement (inclusivity)
  • ensure everyone has opportunities
  • overcoming barriers for under represented groups
82
Q

What are the individual benefits of having good health?

A
  • increased health and fitness
  • lowers body weight
  • lowers blood pressure
  • reduced stress levels
  • increased self esteem
83
Q

What are the societal benefits of having good health?

A
  • less strain on NHS
  • lower obesity levels
84
Q

What are the individual social benefits for sporting participation?

A
  • improved social skills
  • improved ability to build relationships
85
Q

What are the societal social benefits for sporting participation?

A
  • increased community integration
  • improved community moral
86
Q

What are the individual crime benefits for sporting participation?

A
  • more positive use of free time
87
Q

What are the societal crime benefits for sporting participation?

A
  • lower crime rate
  • less instances of anti-social behaviour
88
Q

What are the individual employment benefits for sporting participation?

A
  • increased productivity
  • lower absence rates
89
Q

What are the societal employment benefits for sporting participation?

A
  • less time off work so higher productivity levels
90
Q

What are the societal economic benefits for sporting participation?

A
  • more money into economy via increased leisure spending
91
Q

What are the barriers to participation?

A
  • lack of time
  • negative social influences/poor experiences
  • lack of motivation
  • lack of skill
  • lack of resources/cost
  • family responsibilities
92
Q

What is the solution to the barrier lack of time?

A

Add physical activity to daily routine

93
Q

What is the solution to the barrier negative experiences?

A

Build a support group of friends and family to join you in the activity

94
Q

What is the solution to the barrier lack of motivation?

A

Join a class/train with a friend

95
Q

What is the solution to the barrier lack of skill?

A

Choose activities that require minimum skill e.g. jogging

96
Q

What is the solution to the barrier of cost?

A

Choose activities that are cheap and require minimum equipment e.g. running

97
Q

What is the solution to the barrier of family responsibilities?

A

Exercise with children

98
Q

What are the barriers to participation for disabled people?

A
  • lack of access to facilities
  • lack of opportunities to reach elite level
  • low levels of media coverage
  • lack of specialist support
  • can’t afford specialist equipment
99
Q

What are the solutions to the barriers to participation for disabled people?

A
  • improve transport to get people to specialist facilities
  • increased number of opportunities (clubs/leagues) to reach elite level
  • increased media coverage
  • training for coaches to teach them how to effectively train people
  • increased funding to make equipment more affordable
100
Q

What are the barriers to participation for ethnic minorities?

A
  • conflict with religion
  • education
  • lack of role models
  • stereotyping
  • communication difficulties
101
Q

What are the solutions to barriers to participation for ethnic minorities?

A
  • single sex provisions
  • improved PE provision
  • increased media coverage
  • training coaches to educate on effect of stereotyping
  • campaigns e.g. Kick It Out
102
Q

What does race mean?

A

The physical characteristics of an individual

103
Q

What does racism mean?

A

A set of beliefs/ideas based on the assumption that races have hereditary characteristics that give a race superiority over others

104
Q

What are ethnic groups?

A

People who have racial/religious/linguistic traits in common

105
Q

What is stacking?

A

When individuals are put in a position because of their ethnicity/rarely management positions

106
Q

What is channelling?

A

Individuals being pushed into a sport because of their ethnicity

107
Q

What is gender?

A

The biological aspect of a person (male or female)

108
Q

What is sexism?

A

The belief that one gender is inferior to the other

109
Q

What are the barriers to participation for women?

A
  • stereotypical myths
  • lack of media coverage
  • lack of positive role models
  • lack of opportunities
  • lack of leisure time
110
Q

What are the solutions to the barriers to participation for women?

A
  • educating against stereotypical myths
  • increased media coverage
  • increased number of role models
  • increased opportunities to get elite
  • share domestic responsibilities
111
Q

Why has football participation among women improved in the 21st century?

A
  • more opportunities
  • increased media coverage
  • improved PE provision (boys and girls must have same opportunities)
  • rejection of stereotypes
  • increased leisure time
112
Q

What are the health benefits for increasing participation?

A
  • lower blood pressure
  • strengthening of bones/muscles
  • reduced risk of anxiety/depression
  • reduced risk of obesity
113
Q

What are the fitness benefits for increasing participation?

A
  • improved CVE
  • better reaction time
  • better flexibility
  • better agility
114
Q

What are the social benefits for the individual of increasing participation?

A
  • increased communication skills
  • increased teamwork skills
  • increased leadership skills
  • increased confidence
115
Q

What is Sport England’s mission?

A

Create a sporting habit for life

116
Q

What does CSP stand for and what does it do?

A

County Sport Partnership that work to increase numbers in sport and physical activity

117
Q

What is your CSP doing to increase participation?

A
  • provide transport services
  • volunteer coaching academy
  • holiday clubs
  • Together Fund (funding for people to do physical activity)
  • sensory cabin
  • We Can Move (encourage ex/cancer patients to participate)
118
Q

What is the EFDS and what do they do?

A
  • English Federation of Disability Sports
  • national charity dedicated to increasing participation in sport and physical activity among disabled people
  • Inclusive Sport (initiative to expand expertise offered within disability sport sector to other organisations to encourage participation)
  • Get Equipped (funding scheme to make it easier for disabled performers to participate by supporting them with funding for equipment)
119
Q

What is Sporting Equals and what do they do?

A

Actively promote greater involvement of disadvantaged
communities (particularly black and ethnic minority groups)

120
Q

What is Women In Sport and what do they do?

A
  • aim to make being active more attractive to women
  • 46 core NGBs invest heavily in WIS
  • I Will If You Will (Sport England invested £2.3 million into a year long behavioural change pilot to understand how to get more women playing and work closely with local councils)
  • Back To Netball (encourages women to re-engage in netball)
  • This Girl Can (initiative to increase publicity around encouraging women to participate and break down barriers)
121
Q

What are Street Games and what do they do?

A
  • aim to support young, low income communities by offering a safe place with known, trusted coaches
  • Doorstep Sport (delivering sport to young people of low income communities locally so it is accessible and delivered by trusted coaches)
  • Us Girls (create safe sporting environment to break down barriers for women in sport)
  • Fit And Fed (sporting programme during school holidays that encourage a healthy lifestyle)

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