AS Sport And Society Flashcards
What were 6 characteristics of pre-industrial Britain?
- illiterate
- harsh
- limited free time (worked according to agricultural calendar)
- feudal system
- lived in rural areas
- limited communication and transport
What was the Feudal System?
Upper class giving land to lower class for labour and loyalty
What were 5 characteristics of popular recreation?
- little to no rules
- aggressive and male dominated
- played limited times a year
- played on the land
- specific to communities
What were 5 characteristics of mob football?
- little rules
- aggressive
- played on the land
- specific to areas
- played once a year
Why was mob football banned in the 19th century?
- too violent
- led to injury/death
- damage to property
- gambling
- association with alcohol
What were 6 characteristics of real tennis?
- specialist facilities
- written rules
- respectful behaviour
- travel to games
- specialist equipment
- played regularly
What was pedestrianism?
Early athletics that was set up by the upper class (patrons) for the lower class
What were the characteristics of pedestrianism?
- Simple, unwritten rules
- local
- occurred once a year
- played on the land
- gambling
What is the definition of rational recreation?
Sports/pastimes for the lower class that designed by the middle class to be organised and controlled
Who set up the first Wenlock Olympic Games?
Dr William Penny Brookes
What was the purpose of the Wenlock Olympic Games?
- Promote physical endeavour
- promote moral integrity
- for the people of Wenlock
- develop Olympians
What is urbanisation?
People moving from rural areas to urban towns/cities
What was the impact of the early Industrial Revolution on society?
- lack of spare time
- lack of income
- poor health
- loss of rights (increase in social control)
- lack of public provision
What was the impact of the early Industrial Revolution on sport?
- loss of space to play sports
- lack of spare time to play sports
- cannot afford specialist equipment/sport
- too poor health to play sports
- mob blood sports banned
What was the later impact of the Industrial Revolution on society?
- improved health and hygiene (public baths)
- gradual increase in wages and spare time (Factory Act giving Saturday half days)
- improvements in transport and communication
What was the later impact of the Industrial Revolution on sport?
- improved hygiene so could play sports
- more free time due to Factory Act to play sports on a Saturday afternoon
- emergence of the middle class to organise and codify sports
- ex-public school boys sharing experience/knowledge of sport
- industrial patronage (factory owners setting up teams and leagues)
- development of transport and communication allowing fixtures
What was the impact of urbanisation on sport?
- Lack of space meant a need for purpose built facilities
- large working class population meant an increase in spectators
- loss at traditional sports meant a need for new sports
- change in working conditions meant improved sporting attendance/performance
What was the Transport Revolution?
The development of trains and railways
What was the impact of the Transport Revolution on sport?
- Movement of teams improved the quality of sport
- showed a need for NGBs
- improved access meant sport developed from regional to national
- cheaper travel meant that the working class could follow teams as spectators
- improved access to countryside lead to sports such as rambling
Why could communication improve?
Better education meant people were more literate
What communications were developed?
Newspapers
What impact did improved communication have on sport?
- fixtures could be set up
- fans could keep up with stats and matches
What impact did the Church have on sport?
- promoted sport as a form of social control (stopping drinking/gambling etc)
- allowed the use of Church facilities to promote Christian values and improve morality
- involvement of clergy to promote sport
- Church teams (e.g. Aston Villa)
How did sport promotion benefit the Church?
More people attended Church and listened to their values
Why did the three tier class system emerge?
The factory owners were too wealthy to be lower class but not wealthy enough to be upper class
What was the impact of the three tier class system on sport?
- codification of sports
- formal competitions set up
- philanthropists improving public provisions (public baths/parks) so more healthy people to play
- Saturday half days increased spare time to play sports
- professionalism for working classes factories offered broken time payments
What impact did the British Empire have on sports?
- Teachers taught sporting values
- factory owners setting up teams and giving broken time payments
- clergy developing teams to promote Christian values
- military officers spreading sport
- diplomats travelling the world
- NGBs codifying sport and establishing leagues and competitions
What was the Municipal Reform Act?
Local councils spending money on public provision (public baths/parks)
What was the impact of the Municipal Reform Act?
- social control
- healthier populations
- increased factory productivity
Why were NGBs needed?
- more leagues /clubs/ fixtures required
- maintain amateur ideal
- codification
- social control
What were the characteristics of rational recreation?
- respectful
- regular national leagues
- strict codification
- purpose built facilities
- referees /officials
- skill based
What was the definition of an amateur?
Someone who played sports for the love of it
What was the definition of a professional?
Someone who played sports for financial gain
What were the values of amateurism?
- striving for physical endeavour
- appreciating value of health and fitness
- appreciating value of organised and codified sports
- high moral integrity
What were the characteristics of the gentleman amateur?
- upper class
- respected member of society
- wealth
- lots of time
- committed
- moral
What were the characteristics of professionals?
- lower class
- trained regularly
- focus on one sport
- win at an cost mentality
- don’t show a high moral code
What was the positive impact of amateurism?
- higher societal status
- followed a code of ethics
- developed character
- ‘all rounder’
Why were professionals seen as morally weak?
They played sport for the money and financial gain
What are the characteristics of modern day amateurism?
- train once/twice a week
- still promote moral integrity
- anyone can be amateur
- grass roots
What are the characteristics of modern day professionalism?
- training almost everyday
- better players than amateurs
- respected for talent and effort
- very high financial gain
- motivators
How did urbanisation affect the growth of Association Football?
- more people playing
- more supporters
- need for purpose built facilities
How did free time affect the growth of association football?
- saturday half days
- more time to watch and play
How did disposable income affect the growth of Association Football?
- increased wages
- could afford equipment/tickets
How did transport affect the growth of Association Football?
- development of railways
- cheaper travel
- easier to travel to watch matches/fixtures
How did professionalism affect the growth of Association Football?
- more opportunities to earn money (broken time payments)
- first recognised as professional by FA in 1885
How did social class links affect the growth of Association Football?
- middle class approval
- more respectable image
- football league set up in 1888
How did organisation affect the growth of Association Football?
- FA set up in 1883
- codified the game
- more civilised
- increased popularity
What was the Bosman Ruling?
Players were now permitted to leave a club at the end of their contract without needing a transfer fee
What was lawn tennis?
- patented by Major Waller Clopton Wingfield
- set up by middle class
- played in gardens/private clubs
What impact did lawn tennis have on women?
Women could play lawn tennis as it could be in the privacy of their gardens and could wear long dresses and wouldn’t sweat and it was seen as a social event
Who were the women role models for lawn tennis?
- Lottie Dodd (won 5 womens single titles)
- Miss Maud Watson (first female Wimbledon winner)
What were the key features of lawn tennis?
- Developed by middle class as alternative to real tennis
- played in private clubs/gardens
- specialist equipment
- standardised rules
- played by both genders
- spread to working class via public provision
What were the factors affecting the emergence of elite female footballers?
- equal opportunities due to women playing sport being more socially acceptable
- increased media coverage of women’s sports
- more female role models as a result of more media
- more PE provision as extra curricular increases
- encouragement from FA
- more clubs
- more funding
- more free time due to traditional roles changing
What has affected the number of women officials in football?
Women’s Referee Development Pathway has allowed for women to get proper training and opportunities to be official
What are the factors affecting the development of modern day women’s athletics?
- purpose built facilities due to urbanisation
- the Amateur Athletics Association withdrawing exclusion clause as professionals are those that do the sport for the money are not necessarily the working class
- the Women’s AAA founded in 1922 (although couldn’t race above 800m as it was too strenuous)
- AAA controlling pay to receive money after retirement
What is a society?
An organised group of people associated for a specific purpose for a specific purpose/have a shared common interest
What is socialisation?
A lifelong process where members of society learn norms, values, practices and roles to find their place in society
What is internalisation?
Absorbing and learning to accept the norms and values of a society
What is primary socialisation?
Socialisation in early years of childhood, often takes place in immediate family
What is secondary socialisation?
Socialisation in later years (e.g. teens) where other agencies have a big influence (e.g. friends)
What is gender socialisation?
Socialisation of historical behaviours and attitudes considered appropriate for each gender
What is an example of gender socialisation in sport?
Football is for boys and dance is for girls
What is social control?
The use or mechanisms to restrict behaviour of societies
What are some examples of social control in sport?
- Churches allowing people to use their facilities for sports
- mob football being banned
- whatever sports boys do girls must have the opportunity to do
What is social change?
An alteration in the order of society, difficult without involvement of decision making groups
What are some examples of programmes aiming to bring about social change?
- This Girl Can (promoting the participation of all women)
- Cricket For Change (promoting the participation of disabled people in cricket by offering opportunities to play and an apprenticeship programme)
What is social inequality?
Occurs when resources in a society are unevenly distributed among socially defined categories
What are the causes of social inequality and its impact on sports participation?
- lack of money (lower classes cannot afford equipment/ fees)
- lack of confidence (people may feel judged and won’t want to participate)
- lack of role models (few female role models)
- myths/stereotypes (boys in dance as it is seen as a girls sport)
What is social stratification?
Social inequality based on wealth and status
What is the impact of social stratification on school sporting participation?
- private schools have more funding which allows them to have better equipment and coaching and more time to play sports than public schools
- this improves ability of those that attend private schools to join clubs and become professional
What was the Women’s Tennis Association?
- equal pay at the 4 majors
- set up a women’s only tour
- allowed women to become professional and see tennis as a viable career
What is Social Action Theory?
Sport is produced and developed at a particular time period so it will have similar views however people can intervene and change them
What is progression?
The process of gradually moving towards a more advanced state
What is the Interactionist Approach?
- interactions between the sporting authority and the players that allow progression in the sport
- how social action theory happens
What is meant by the term equal opportunities?
The right to access the same opportunities regardless of factors like age and race
What does prejudice mean?
To form an unfavourable opinion of an individual based on inadequate facts
What is stereotyping?
A standardised image/generalisation about all members of a group
What is discrimination?
The unfair treatment of a person/minority group based on a prejudice
What is overt discrimination?
Obvious and visible discrimination e.g. verbal abuse of a player
What is covert discrimination?
Less obvious and hidden discrimination e.g. non selection based on a persons race
How have Sport England’s policy promoted equality and diversity?
- want to develop a culture that enables and values everyone’s involvement (inclusivity)
- ensure everyone has opportunities
- overcoming barriers for under represented groups
What are the individual benefits of having good health?
- increased health and fitness
- lowers body weight
- lowers blood pressure
- reduced stress levels
- increased self esteem
What are the societal benefits of having good health?
- less strain on NHS
- lower obesity levels
What are the individual social benefits for sporting participation?
- improved social skills
- improved ability to build relationships
What are the societal social benefits for sporting participation?
- increased community integration
- improved community moral
What are the individual crime benefits for sporting participation?
- more positive use of free time
What are the societal crime benefits for sporting participation?
- lower crime rate
- less instances of anti-social behaviour
What are the individual employment benefits for sporting participation?
- increased productivity
- lower absence rates
What are the societal employment benefits for sporting participation?
- less time off work so higher productivity levels
What are the societal economic benefits for sporting participation?
- more money into economy via increased leisure spending
What are the barriers to participation?
- lack of time
- negative social influences/poor experiences
- lack of motivation
- lack of skill
- lack of resources/cost
- family responsibilities
What is the solution to the barrier lack of time?
Add physical activity to daily routine
What is the solution to the barrier negative experiences?
Build a support group of friends and family to join you in the activity
What is the solution to the barrier lack of motivation?
Join a class/train with a friend
What is the solution to the barrier lack of skill?
Choose activities that require minimum skill e.g. jogging
What is the solution to the barrier of cost?
Choose activities that are cheap and require minimum equipment e.g. running
What is the solution to the barrier of family responsibilities?
Exercise with children
What are the barriers to participation for disabled people?
- lack of access to facilities
- lack of opportunities to reach elite level
- low levels of media coverage
- lack of specialist support
- can’t afford specialist equipment
What are the solutions to the barriers to participation for disabled people?
- improve transport to get people to specialist facilities
- increased number of opportunities (clubs/leagues) to reach elite level
- increased media coverage
- training for coaches to teach them how to effectively train people
- increased funding to make equipment more affordable
What are the barriers to participation for ethnic minorities?
- conflict with religion
- education
- lack of role models
- stereotyping
- communication difficulties
What are the solutions to barriers to participation for ethnic minorities?
- single sex provisions
- improved PE provision
- increased media coverage
- training coaches to educate on effect of stereotyping
- campaigns e.g. Kick It Out
What does race mean?
The physical characteristics of an individual
What does racism mean?
A set of beliefs/ideas based on the assumption that races have hereditary characteristics that give a race superiority over others
What are ethnic groups?
People who have racial/religious/linguistic traits in common
What is stacking?
When individuals are put in a position because of their ethnicity/rarely management positions
What is channelling?
Individuals being pushed into a sport because of their ethnicity
What is gender?
The biological aspect of a person (male or female)
What is sexism?
The belief that one gender is inferior to the other
What are the barriers to participation for women?
- stereotypical myths
- lack of media coverage
- lack of positive role models
- lack of opportunities
- lack of leisure time
What are the solutions to the barriers to participation for women?
- educating against stereotypical myths
- increased media coverage
- increased number of role models
- increased opportunities to get elite
- share domestic responsibilities
Why has football participation among women improved in the 21st century?
- more opportunities
- increased media coverage
- improved PE provision (boys and girls must have same opportunities)
- rejection of stereotypes
- increased leisure time
What are the health benefits for increasing participation?
- lower blood pressure
- strengthening of bones/muscles
- reduced risk of anxiety/depression
- reduced risk of obesity
What are the fitness benefits for increasing participation?
- improved CVE
- better reaction time
- better flexibility
- better agility
What are the social benefits for the individual of increasing participation?
- increased communication skills
- increased teamwork skills
- increased leadership skills
- increased confidence
What is Sport England’s mission?
Create a sporting habit for life
What does CSP stand for and what does it do?
County Sport Partnership that work to increase numbers in sport and physical activity
What is your CSP doing to increase participation?
- provide transport services
- volunteer coaching academy
- holiday clubs
- Together Fund (funding for people to do physical activity)
- sensory cabin
- We Can Move (encourage ex/cancer patients to participate)
What is the EFDS and what do they do?
- English Federation of Disability Sports
- national charity dedicated to increasing participation in sport and physical activity among disabled people
- Inclusive Sport (initiative to expand expertise offered within disability sport sector to other organisations to encourage participation)
- Get Equipped (funding scheme to make it easier for disabled performers to participate by supporting them with funding for equipment)
What is Sporting Equals and what do they do?
Actively promote greater involvement of disadvantaged
communities (particularly black and ethnic minority groups)
What is Women In Sport and what do they do?
- aim to make being active more attractive to women
- 46 core NGBs invest heavily in WIS
- I Will If You Will (Sport England invested £2.3 million into a year long behavioural change pilot to understand how to get more women playing and work closely with local councils)
- Back To Netball (encourages women to re-engage in netball)
- This Girl Can (initiative to increase publicity around encouraging women to participate and break down barriers)
What are Street Games and what do they do?
- aim to support young, low income communities by offering a safe place with known, trusted coaches
- Doorstep Sport (delivering sport to young people of low income communities locally so it is accessible and delivered by trusted coaches)
- Us Girls (create safe sporting environment to break down barriers for women in sport)
- Fit And Fed (sporting programme during school holidays that encourage a healthy lifestyle)
