A2 Sport Psychology Flashcards
What is social facilitation?
The positive influence of the presence of others on performance
What is social inhibition?
The negative influence others have on performance
Who came up with the social facilitation model?
Zajonc
Who are the 4 types of others who can b present in Zajonc’s model?
- audience
- co-actors
- competitive co-actors
- social reinforcers
What is an audience in Zajonc’s model?
- a passive other
- those watching but not interacting with the performer
- cause pressure
What is a co-actor in Zajonc’s model?
- passive other
- those performing the same task but not in direct competition with them
What is an example of a co-actor in Zajonc’s model?
Another badminton player on another court
What is a competitive co-actor in Zajonc’s model?
- interactive other
- those in direct competition with the performer
What is an example of a competitive co-actor in Zajonc’s model?
A member of the opposing football team
What are social reinforcers in Zajonc’s model?
- interactive others
- those watching with a direct influence on the performer
What is an example of a social reinforcer in Zajonc’s model?
Coach/parent/fans etc
How do passive others lead to social facilitation?
- passive others increase arousal/drive
- increases the likelihood of the dominant response occurring
- if it is a complex skill/a novice inhibition occurs
How do passive others lead to social facilitation?
– passive others increase arousal/drive
– increases the likelihood of the dominant response occurring
– if the skill is simple/ an expert social facilitation happens
How does social facilitation link to arousal?
- the presence of passive others means that performers struggle to concentrate on the task to them
– leading to conflict which increases arousal
How does social facilitation affect a cognitive learner?
– they will be anxious and over aroused when being watched
– causing poor performance and social inhibition
How does social facilitation affect on autonomous learner?
- motivated and encouraged when being watched
- improved performance and social facilitation
What effect does simple skills have on social facilitation?
Enhances performance because little thought is needed to do them so they aren’t distracted
How does complex skills affect social facilitation?
- has a negative effect on performance
- due to inability to concentrate
- increased arousal
How does drive theory link to social facilitation?
- for autonomous learners the dominant response is more likely to occur which is the correct response so they experience social facilitation
- for cognitive learners the dominant response is more likely to occur which is the incorrect response so they experience social inhibition
What is evaluation apprehension?
The perceived fear of being judged
What is suggested by the evaluation apprehension theory?
It’s not the presence of people that affects our performance but rather whether we think the people watching are assessing our performance
What are 4 ways of preventing social inhibition?
- getting players familiar with playing in front of a crowd
- gradually introducing evaluation
- improving focus and selective attention
- reduce the importance of an event
What characteristics does a team have?
- a collective identity
- interactionist
- communication
- shared goal/purpose
What does it mean when a group has a collective identity and an example?
They can be easily identified and increases the sene of belonging which increases pride and motivation e.g. team kits
What does it mean when a group has a collective identity and an example?
They can be easily identified and increases the sene of belonging which increases pride and motivation e.g. team kits
What does it mean when a group interacts and an example?
The members operate in their own roles successfully and link the role with others showing they work together e.g. zone formation in basketball
What does it mean when a group communicates and an example?
It assists interaction to help the charity of messages and understanding, it ca be verbal or non-verbal e.g. football players shouting to make others know they are open
What does it mean when a group has a shared goal or purpose and an example?
The aim of the team is shared usually linking to achieving success e.g. winning the league
What is meant by group formation?
The stages a group goes through which can fail at any stages
Who proposed the group formation model?
Tuckman
What are the stages in Tuckman’s group formation model?
Forming, storming, norming and performing
What is the forming stage of Tuckman’s model?
- when the group comes together and get to know eachother
- they begin to understand the task and begin to tackle it
- respect eachother but don’t work together
What is the storming stage of Tuckman’s model?
- period of conflict
- members try to establish role in the group
- cliques/alliances form
What is the norming stage of Tuckman’s model?
- group starts to agree and accept common rules, goals values and roles
- group is more stable as trust is developed
What is the performing stage of Tuckman’s model?
What is the performing stage of Tuckman’s model?
- group works together to achieve shared goals
- relationships an strategies well established
- clear leaders that consult everyone
What is the later added mourning stage of Tuckman’s model’s?
- when the team breaks up
- task has been completed
What is group cohesion?
The tendency of the group to stay together and work together to achieve their goals
What increases the likelihood of group cohesion?
The team sharing the same goal
Who came up with the theory behind group cohesion?
Carron
What are antecedents?
Something that must be in place for something else to happen
What is meant by Carron’s antecedents?
Things that must be in place before the group can be cohesive
What are Carron’s antecedents?
- personal factors
- environmental factors
- leadership-based factors
- team-based factors
What is meant by the antecedent of personal factors?
Things such as gender, goals etc that are either similar or dissimilar
What is meant by the antecedent environmental factors?
Things in the environment such as group size, age geography etc
What is meant by the antecedent leadership based factors?
Leadership behaviour/style and the leader-team relationships
What is meant by the antecedent team-based factors?
Factors such as focus, desire for success, ability etc
What 2 factors affect group performance?
Cooperation and coordination
What is cooperation in aiding group performance?
Things such as helping each other to achieve goals
What is coordination in helping group performance?
Things such as tactics, timing and team awareness
What are the 2 different types of groups?
Interactive and coactive
What is an interactive group and an example? How does it link to coordination and cooperation?
Where team mates must work together directly to achieve success e.g. football, coordination and cooperation are essential
What is a coactive group and an example?
Team mates try to achieve the same goal but there is little interaction e.g. relay race
What are the 2 factors affecting group cohesion?
- attractiveness of the group
- benefits they can gain from being part of the group
What are the 2 factors affecting group cohesion?
- attractiveness of the group
- benefits they can gain from being part of the group
How does attractiveness of the group affect cohesion?
The more members enjoy being part of the group and they feel they fit in the more the team enjoys working together
How does the benefits individuals gain from being part of the group affect group cohesion?
If the individual feels they can gain lots and the goals fit with their personal goals then the team is more cohesive
What are the 2 types of cohesion?
Task and social cohesion
What is task cohesion?
The willingness of the team to work together to achieve a shared goal despite individual differences
What is social cohesion?
The tendency of a group to work together as they get on well and enjoy socialising together
What is the relationship between cohesion and performance?
- cohesion is important for success which in turn leads to better cohesion
- task cohesion is more important than social cohesion
What is group effectiveness?
An effective group uses the strengths of each individual for the benefit of the team
Who proposed the model of group effectiveness?
Steiner
What is Steiner’s model of group effectiveness?
Actual productivity = potential productivity - losses due to faulty processes
In Steiner’s model, what are faulty processes?
Coordination and motivation problems
What are coordination problems in Steiner’s model and what effect does it have on group performance?
- occurs when there should be a high level of interactions but some members not doing their part or not connecting their play
- negative effect on performance
What are motivation problems in Steiner’s model and what effect does it have on performance?
- individuals work less hard inn a group than on their own
- due to the Ringlemann effect or social loafing
- negative effect on performance
What is the Ringlemann effect?
Individual efforts decrease as group size increases due to motivational losses
What is social loafing?
Individual efforts decrease as group size increases as individuals feel efforts are less noticeable and necessary
What are 2 ways to overcome coordination losses?
- use drills that develop interactive play e.g. set plays and drills
- ensure all members are clear about roles in the group and how it relates to others
What are 4 ways to overcome motivational losses?
- recognise individual contribution e.g. performance analysis
- develop intrinsic and extrinsic motivation through rewards
- bring awareness to performers of when social loafing may occur
- develop task cohesion by ensuring everyone is clear about team objective
What is self confidence?
A persons belief in their own ability to achieve success in general
What are the 2 types of confidence?
Trait and state
What is trait confidence?
An innate level of confidence that is consistent in most situations
What is state confidence?
Confidence in specific situations that can vary over different situations
Who came up with the model of self confidence?
Vealy
What is Vealy’s model of self confidence?
- starts with an objective sport situation
- individual has SC-trait and competitive orientation
- these impact SC-state
- this leads to the performance of a skill and the perceived outcome which feeds back into SC-trait and competitive orientation
What is objective sports situation in Vealy’s model?
A specific skill e.g. shooting in netball
What is SC-trait in Vealy’s model?
An innate, stable level of self confidence in most situations
What is competitive orientation in Vealy’s model?
The level of competitiveness the individual has in that situation
What is SC-state in Vealy’s model?
The level of confidence an individual has in a specific sporting situation
What is the subjective outcomes in Vealy’s model?
How the performer interprets their performance which affects future SC-trait and competitive orientation
What is self efficacy?
The belief in the individuals ability to succeed in a specific sporting situation
What are 6 ways in which a high level of self efficacy improves performance?
- increases positive attitude
- increased motivation
- reduced NAF
- reduced anxiety
- enhance feel good factor
- can help performers reach optimal arousal
According to Bandura, what are the 4 factors that affect self efficacy?
- performance accomplishments
- vicarious experience
- verbal persuasion
- emotional arousal
How does performance accomplishments affect self efficacy?
- most important factor
- repeated success previously leads to positive expectations and increased motivation so further successes happen
How does vicarious experiences affect self efficacy?
- performers gain confidence from seeing others succeed
- most effective with the model is of a similar ability
How does verbal persuasion affect self efficacy?
If others show that they have confidence in you with reasoning you are more likely to have self efficacy
How does emotional arousal affect self efficacy?
- least important factor
- physiological symptoms of arousal e.g. anxiety must be seen positively to improve self efficacy
What are 6 strategies to overcome self efficacy?
- goals set should be realistic
- goals should be performance not outcome goals
- ensure performers are aware of pervious accomplishments
- positive vicarious experiences
- imagery/visualisation
- encourage performers to see arousal symptoms as positive
What are 4 factors that reduce self efficacy?
- consistent failure
- goals are too outcome orientated
- feedback is too negative
- external rewards are limited to best performers only
