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PE > A2 Sport and Society and Technology > Flashcards

A2 Sport and Society and Technology Flashcards

1
Q

What is physical recreation?

A

The active aspect of leisure

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2
Q

What are the key characteristics of physical recreation?

A
  • for fun
  • choose to participate
  • self officiated
  • focus on taking part
  • participation is flexible
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3
Q

What are the functions of physical recreation for individuals?

A
  • develop self confidence
  • reduced stress
  • develop skills and fitness
  • fun
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4
Q

What is the function of physical recreation for society?

A
  • reduced strain on NHS
  • better use of time so lower crime rates
  • increased employment
  • improved social cohesion
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5
Q

What is sport?

A

Serious or competitive physical activities

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6
Q

What are the key characteristics of sport?

A

Serious/competitive
Prowess (high skill level)
Organised (lots of rules)
Rewards
Time/space restrictions

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7
Q

What are the functions of sport for individuals?

A
  • increased self confidence
  • more social interactions
  • sporting morals and attitudes
  • better use of spare time
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8
Q

What are the functions of sport for society?

A
  • decreased strain on NHS
  • decreased crime levels
  • increased social control
  • equality
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9
Q

What are the key characteristics of physical education?

A
  • compulsory
  • begins at primary school
  • lessons are pre-planned and highly structured
  • happens during school time
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10
Q

What are the functions of physical education?

A
  • mental/physical/social skills
  • leadership
  • increased health and fitness
  • self esteem
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11
Q

What is school sport?

A

School teams that compete competitively outside of school time

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12
Q

What is the OAA?

A
  • outdoor adventurous activities that is part of the national curriculum
  • e.g. activities using nature
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13
Q

What are the functions of the OAA?

A
  • awareness of safety
  • knowledge/respect for environment
  • teamwork
  • social skills
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14
Q

What are the problems of OAA?

A
  • lack of time
  • lack of money
  • lack of qualified or motivated staff
  • location
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15
Q

What are the levels on the Sporting Development Continuum?

A

Foundation, Participation and Performance

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16
Q

What is foundation level on the sporting development continuum?

A
  • physical education at primary school
  • develops skills and understanding
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17
Q

What is participation level on the sporting development continuum?

A
  • physical recreation
  • for fun and developing relationships
  • flexible participation
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18
Q

What is performance level on the sporting development continuum?

A
  • sport
  • focused individuals
  • emphasis on winning
  • dedication
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19
Q

What are th

A
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20
Q

What are the key characteristics of school sport?

A
  • extracurricular
  • optional
  • competitive
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21
Q

What are some examples of initiatives for school sport?

A
  • School Sports Partnerships
  • School Games
  • specialist teachers
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22
Q

What are the benefits of school sport?

A
  • improved academic performance as motivated to perform in class to met criteria for sports teams
  • social development (new friends)
  • improved self esteem
  • improved health and fitness
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23
Q

What are the 3 aspects of PE?

A

Education, school sport and recreation

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24
Q

What are the similarities between physical recreation and sport?

A
  • both involve physical activity
  • both increase health and fitness
  • both performed in free time s voluntary activity
  • both have intrinsic benefits
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25
Q

What are the differences between physical recreation and sport?

A
  • physical recreation is for all whereas sport is selective
  • physical activity emphasises taking part whereas sport emphasises winning
  • physical recreation is relaxed whereas sport is competitive
  • physical recreation is self officiated whereas sport has trained professionals
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26
Q

What are the similarities between physical recreation and physical education?

A
  • both non-competitive
  • both have varied skill/fitness levels
  • both available to all
  • both increase health and fitness levels
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27
Q

What are the differences between physical recreation and physical education?

A
  • physical recreation is done in free time whereas physical education is done during school hours
  • physical recreation is voluntary whereas physical education is compulsory
  • physical recreation is for fun whereas physical education is to develop skills and understanding
  • physical recreation is self officiated whereas physical education is teacher led
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28
Q

What are the similarities between physical education and school sport?

A
  • both highly structured and organised
  • both offer intrinsic rewards
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29
Q

What are the differences between physical education and school sport?

A
  • PE is compulsory whereas school sport is voluntary
  • PE is available to all whereas school sport is selective
  • PE emphasises taking part whereas school sport emphasises winning
  • PE is done during lesson time whereas school sport is extracurricular
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30
Q

What is talent identification?

A

Multi disciplinary screening of athletes to identify those with potential for world class success

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31
Q

What is mean by the term elite?

A

The best, highest level sports performers at excellence level

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32
Q

What are personal qualities in talent ID?

A

Attributes and personality characteristics of individuals

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33
Q

What is a mentor?

A

A person who helps an guides others development

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34
Q

What are the personal factors that influences progression to elite level?

A
  • commitment and self discipline
  • determination
  • willing to self sacrifice
  • high pain tolerance
  • self confident
  • highly skilled
  • physically fit
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35
Q

What are the socio-cultural factors that influence progression to elite level?

A
  • high socioeconomic status
  • evidence of equal opportunity and anti-discriminatory practices
  • high quality provision
  • structured competitions
  • high levels of media coverage and role models
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36
Q

What are the 3 organisation that aid the development of elite performers?

A

UK Sport, the English Institute of Sport and NGBs

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37
Q

Who is UK Sport

A

Organisation that invests in Olympic/Paralympic sports and play a leading role in talent ID programmes

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38
Q

What is UK Sports focus?

A
  • develop high performance sport
  • develop young performers and enable elite progression without barriers
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39
Q

What is UK Sports role?

A
  • distribute money from National Lottery to fund elite development
  • to ensure success though medals at Olympics and Paralympics
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40
Q

What channels of support does UK Sport offer?

A
  • World Class Programme
  • Athlete Personal Award
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41
Q

What is the World Class Performance Programme?

A
  • podium level receive most resources as it is likely they will win a medal in next 4 years
  • podium potential receive a bit less resources as they are likely to win medals in next 8 years
  • talent ID
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42
Q

What is the Athlete Personal Award?

A

Aids costs to elite performers

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43
Q

What is UK Sports ethos?

A

Promote positive sporting conduct and ethics at elite level

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44
Q

Who are the English Institute of Sport?

A

Owned by UK Sport and is an example of a home country institute of sport

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45
Q

How is the English Institute of Sport funded?

A
  • every 4 years receives £40 million from UK Sport
  • generates own income from providing services to NGBs
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46
Q

What is World Class Performance?

A

Operates 9 high performance centres that train the best athletes and coaches and offer best support and resources

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47
Q

What services does the English Institute of Sport offer?

A

Sports science, medical support ad performance/lifestyle support

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48
Q

How does the English Institute of Sport offer sports science support?

A

Evaluate and monitor training to provide best diet, psychology and performance analysis

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49
Q

How does the English Institute of Sport offer medical support?

A

Provides fast medicine and physio for injuries and illness

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50
Q

How does the English Institute of Sport offer performance/lifestyle support?

A

Provides supportive environments with guidance on things such as time management and sponsorships

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51
Q

What are the UK Talent and Research Innovation Teams?

A
  • UKT work with EIS and UKS to develop path for talented juniors to move through
  • RIT develop best equipment
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52
Q

What are NGBs?

A

Organisations for a sport that make decisions about direction of sport and funding from grass roots to elite level

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53
Q

How do NGBs provide support?

A

Positive role models
Accessible facilities
Meet government policies
Policies in place to target unrepresented groups
Employment of Sports Development Officers
Resources invested

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54
Q

What are NGBs Whole Sport Plans?

A
  • 4 year lottery funded plan
  • aims to increase participation and talent ID to win more medals
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55
Q

Why do we have talent ID programmes?

A

To screen performers and direct them to suited sports and aid their development to increase chance of winning medals

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56
Q

What are the disadvantages of talent ID programmes?

A
  • need lots of funding
  • no guarantee of successfully finding talent
  • high profile sports attract more performers
  • needs large numbers too be of use
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57
Q

How do you make a talent ID programme effective?

A
  • appropriate testing procedures
  • high quality facilities
  • high quality scouts and coaches
  • equality
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58
Q

What are the 4 areas of support in the EIS Performance Pathway Team?

A
  • design talent ID programmes
  • educate coaches
  • review current systems
  • develop a progressive pathway to elite
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59
Q

What is amateurism?

A

Participation in sport for the love of it with no financial gain and encouraging fair play and adhering to rules

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60
Q

What are some examples of amateurism in modern day sport?

A
  • shaking hands at end of the game
  • respect for referee
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61
Q

How is the Olympic Oath relevant?

A
  • athletes still show respect to each other
  • competitors still adhere to rules
  • still examples of the spirit of the games
  • still carry out regular drug testing and bans
  • still said at the beginning of every Olympics
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62
Q

How is the Olympic Oath irrelevant?

A
  • athletes get paid
  • people get away with taking drugs
  • those who have been banned may be able to come back and compete
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63
Q

Who founded the modern Olympic games?

A

Baron de Coubertin

64
Q

What is sportsmanship?

A

Playing by written and unwritten rules of the games and the spirit of the games

65
Q

What are some examples of good sportsmanship?

A
  • the two high jumpers sharing the gold medal at the Olympics
  • Redmond getting injured during a race and his dad helping him finish
66
Q

What are some examples of bad sportsmanship?

A
  • time wasting
  • not shaking hands
  • arguing with officials
67
Q

What are the strategies in place to encourage sportsmanship?

A
  • Fair Play awards
  • use of technology to spot foul play
  • increased severity of punishments
  • rigorous drug testing
68
Q

What is gamesmanship?

A

Stretching the rules but not breaking them and taking advantage of unclear rules

69
Q

What are some examples of gamesmanship?

A
  • athlete purposefully falling off bike within grace period to restart the race
  • deliberate deception such as faking injury
70
Q

What is the win ethic?

A

Wanting to win at all costs

71
Q

What are some examples of the win ethic?

A
  • no draws in American sports
  • negativity towards losers
  • high levels of deviance
72
Q

What is deviance?

A

Behaviour that goes against the normals of society and is deemed unacceptable

73
Q

What is positive deviance and an example?

A
  • over conformity to norm’s and expectations
  • e.g. continuing to play while injured
74
Q

What is negative deviance and an example?

A
  • under conforming to norms and expectations
  • e.g cheating, doping, violence
75
Q

What are the social reasons to take drugs in sport?

A
  • win ethic
  • for fame and fortune
  • high pressure e,g, a final
  • lack of deterrents
  • poor role models
76
Q

What are the psychological reasons to take drugs in sport?

A
  • calm nerves
  • increased aggression
  • lack of confidence
77
Q

What are the 3 PED’s?

A

Anabolic steroids, beta blockers and EPO

78
Q

What are anabolic steroids?

A

Artificially produced hormones

79
Q

Why are anabolic steroids used?

A
  • increased protein storage
  • promote muscle growth
  • increase strength and power
  • speed up recovery
80
Q

What athlete would use anabolic steroids?

A

Power and strength e.g. weightlifters

81
Q

What are the side effects of anabolic steroids?

A
  • mood swings
  • heart and immune damage
  • aggression
82
Q

What are beta blockers?

A

Drugs that calm individuals by counteracting adrenaline

83
Q

Why are beta blockers used?

A
  • improve accuracy
  • reduce anxiety
  • lower heart rate
  • reduced muscle spasms
84
Q

Who would use beta blockers?

A

Precision sports e.g. archery or darts

85
Q

What are the side effects of beta blockers?

A
  • fatigue
  • low blood pressure
  • reduced aerobic capacity
86
Q

What is EPO?

A

Artificially produced hormones that produces haemoglobin

87
Q

Why would you use EPO?

A
  • stimulate RBC production
  • increased oxygen capacity
  • speeds up recovery
  • delays onset of fatigue
88
Q

Who would use EPO?

A

Endurance athletes e.g. marathon runners

89
Q

What are the side effects of EPO?

A
  • blood clotting
  • strokes
  • death
90
Q

What are the pro’s for drug use on sports?

A
  • higher performance quality
  • more entertaining
  • more competition
  • better status
91
Q

What are the con’s of drug use on sport?

A
  • damage to reputation
  • loss of revenue
  • poor role models
  • unfair competitions
92
Q

What are the pro’s of drug use on the performers?

A
  • increased chance of winning
  • fame and fortune
  • improved performance
  • better sponsors
93
Q

What are the con’s of drug use on performers?

A
  • fines and bans
  • side effects of the drugs
  • loss of revenue
  • social isolation
94
Q

What are the strategies in place from UKAD to prevent the use of drugs?

A
  • consistent testing
  • educational support for athletes and coaches
  • promotion of fair sport through 100% me campaign
  • investment in testing to do no notice testing
  • consistent punishments
  • use of positive role models
  • name and shame
95
Q

What are the challenges to UKAD when preventing drug use?

A
  • hard to gain immediate access to athlete
  • constantly new drugs
  • accidents (e.g. accidentally ingesting the drug)
  • different countries/sports having different testing policies
96
Q

Why are drugs a good thing?

A
  • battle against drugs is expensive and time consuming
  • detecting drugs isn’t always effective
  • it’s the personal choice of the performer
  • if its monitored properly the risk is decreased
97
Q

Why are drugs a bad thing?

A
  • health risks and side effects
  • unethical and gives an unfair advantage
  • only richer countries can afford them
  • creates negative role models
98
Q

How is sport legislation linked to the performer?

A

Injuries, loss of earnings and contracts

99
Q

What does sports legislation do to performers?

A
  • holds them accountable for their actions
  • protects players while on the pitch
  • allows them the right to work and
  • protects performers in contracts
  • holds individuals accountable for contract breaches
100
Q

What are some examples of sport legislation holding players accountable for their actions?

A
  • Duncan Ferguson prosecuted and jailed for his headbutt in 1995
  • James Cotterill convicted and jailed for punching opposition
101
Q

What are some examples of sport legislation protecting players on the pitch?

A
  • 17 year old arrested and prosecuted for attacking Wycombe goalkeeper in 2013
  • Jack Grealish’s attached during Aston Villa game
102
Q

What is an example of sport legislation allowing performers the right to work?

A

The Bosman Ruling that allows players to leave club at the end of their contract without a transfer fee

103
Q

What is an example of sport legislation protecting performers in contracts?

A

Wayne Rooney disputing former sports agency who insisted he owed them money but was dismissed as he was only 17 when he signed the contract

104
Q

What is an example of sport legislation holding individuals accountable for contract breaches?

A

Rory McIlroy disputing Oakley after he moved to Nike without giving them first refusal

105
Q

What is the memory tool to remember how sport legislation impacts sport?

A

Spectators attacking players
Opponents being too violent
Contractual issues with sponsors
Contractual issues with employers
Equality of opportunities (maternity leave)
Refereeing negligence

106
Q

How does sport legislation relate to officials?

A

Negligence (protection of individuals by ensuring officials are doing their job)

107
Q

What is negligence and how is it related to officials?

A
  • someone failing to take reasonable care for another person
  • when an official fails to fulfil duty which could harm a player
108
Q

What are the 2 cases for official negligence?

A
  • Smoldon v Whitworth and Nolan
  • Allport v Wilbraham
109
Q

What is Smoldon v Whitworth and Nolan?

A
  • rugby referee who was at fault for injuries sustained in a scrum
  • allowed over 20 scrums to collapse
  • found to have not followed guidelines
110
Q

What is Allport v Wilbraham?

A
  • injury to claimant as a result of a collapsed scrum
  • case was thrown out as official seen to have done as he should have
111
Q

How is sport legislation related to coaches?

A

Duty of care to eliminate potential threats so participation is safe

112
Q

How do coaches have a legal responsibility to their athletes?

A
  • health and safety
  • protection from abuse
  • supplements
  • duty of care
113
Q

How do coaches ensure health and safety of performers?

A
  • access to first aid
  • means to contact emergency services
  • deemed liable if evidence fond to show normal standards/practices not followed
114
Q

How do coaches protect players from abuse?

A
  • protection from emotional abuse e.g. taunting and threats
  • protection from physical abuse e.. being hit
  • should have a policy regarding child abuse that they adhere to
115
Q

How do coaches protect performers from supplements?

A
  • educate them on drug use and abuse
  • provide advice on legal nutrition to enhance performance
116
Q

How do coaches have a duty of care?

A
  • ensure safety and welfare
  • keep up to date contact details
  • maintain appropriate supervision ratios
  • ensure first aid available
  • ensure adults have DBS
  • ensure risk assessments
  • act in loco parentis
117
Q

How does sport legislation relate to spectators?

A
  • ensure safety
  • prevent hooliganism
118
Q

How can spectators be protected by the law?

A
  • remove perimeter fences and terraces at stadiums
  • control alcohol sales
  • specify kick off times imposed by police
  • increased security and police presence
  • tougher punishments/deterrents e.g. bans, fines and imprisonment
119
Q

What is the Occupiers Liability Act (1957)?

A

An occupier of a premises owes a common duty of care to all visitors

120
Q

What is the Safety of Sports Ground Act (1975)?

A

Protects all spectators and covers all grounds in sport

121
Q

What is the Sporting Events (Control of Alcohol 1985)?

A

Ban possession of alcohol prior and during games and ensure grounds have licenses to sell alcohol

122
Q

What is the Fire Safety and Safety of Place of Sport Act (1987)?

A
  • fire security license must be gained from local authority
  • sets maximum number of spectators in stands
  • ensures stands are made out of fireproof materials
123
Q

What is the Football Spectators Act (1989)?

A

Banning orders put on individuals who have committed offences for a period of time

124
Q

What is the Football Offence Act (1991)?

A

Prevents throwing issues, chanting racist abuse and trespassing onto the pitch

125
Q

What is the memory tool to remember the causes and implications of violence in relation to the performer?

126
Q

What are the causes and implications of violence in relation to the performer? (WINNER)

A

Win ethic and high rewards
Importance of the event
Nature of the sport e.g. rugby
NGBs too lenient with punishments
Excitement or over arousal
Refereeing decisions leading to frustration

127
Q

What are 6 strategies to prevent violence in relation to the performer?

A
  • using tech to support referee (e.g. VAR)
  • training officials to diffuse situations
  • punishing violence retrospectively as well (after the game has happened)
  • promoting good role models
  • imposing harsher punishments as a deterrence
  • introducing education campaigns and rewards linked to good behaviour e.g. Fair Play awards
128
Q

What are 6 causes of violence in sport in relation to the spectator?

A
  • emotional intensity of the event
  • alcohol and drugs
  • media hype
  • poor policing and crown control
  • lack of deterrent
  • diminished responsibility in groups
129
Q

What are 6 solutions to violent spectators in sport?

A
  • control alcohol sales
  • tougher deterrents for fans
  • CCTV in grounds
  • removal of terraces and promoting family entertainment
  • encouraging responsible media coverage
  • passing laws to inhibit pitch invasions
130
Q

What is the golden triangle?

A

The relationship between the sport, sponsors and media

131
Q

Why does sport rely sponsors?

A

To pay them for promotion

132
Q

Why does sort rely on the media?

A

Broadcasting and promotion of the matches/games

133
Q

Why do sponsors rely on sport?

A

To advertise their brand/product at games to increase brand awareness

134
Q

Why do sponsors rely on media?

A

Promote their product/brand to increase brand awareness

135
Q

Why does the media rely on sport?

A

To get viewers who will pay for subscriptions

136
Q

Why does the media rely on sponsors?

A

To get paid for product promotion

137
Q

What are 4 advantages of the golden triangle to elite sport?

A
  • increased promotion making the sport more popular
  • increased sponsorship growing the sport
  • more funding improving organisation of sport
  • improved facilities
138
Q

What are 4 disadvantages of the golden triangle on elite sport?

A
  • dictation of KO times leading to a poorer experience
  • negative impact on viewing/playing of sports e.g. longer ad breaks so boredom and increased risk of injury
  • inequality in coverage
  • sponsors demands on individuals.
139
Q

What is ring fencing?

A

Sports that must be available for viewing on terrestrial or free to access TV

140
Q

What is OFCOM?

A

The communication regulator in the UK that regulate the television sector

141
Q

Why does OFCOM continue to ring fence certain events?

A
  • allow access to widest number of viewers
  • avoid restricting pay per view channels to only those that can afford
  • increased geographical access to all
  • free coverage that are part of sporting heritage/culture e.g. FA Cup
  • access to sporting events that should be available to all e.g. Olympics
142
Q

Why is ring fencing in danger of being diminished?

A

Companies like Sky and BT Sports offering huge financial packages

143
Q

What makes sports more attractive to the media?

A
  • high skill level
  • visually appealing and exciting
  • easily understood
  • short in timescale e.g. test cricket
  • identifiable role models
144
Q

What are 4 advantages to performers of sponsorships?

A
  • increased wages/prize money
  • increased number of pro contracts so more full time opportunities
  • improved behaviour due to being role models
  • more funding for high quality support/facilities
145
Q

What are 4 disadvantages to performers of sponsorships?

A
  • increased pressure to win/win at all costs
  • more deviant behaviour
  • performers treated poorly by sponsors
  • inequality in funding for minority performers
146
Q

What are the reasons for performers thinking about the nature of sponsors? (SPONSOR)

A

Social duty
Personal appearance demands
Opposed nature of the sponsors against the performer
Negative impact on future sponsorship
Sponsors support is dependent upon image of the performer
Opposed nature of the sponsor against sport
Role models for others

147
Q

What is the definition of commercialisation?

A

The treating sport as a commodity involving the buying and selling of assets

148
Q

What are 4 advantages of sponsors on elite sport?

A
  • increased funding improving facilities/resources/support
  • better tech for referee decision making
  • more positive role models improving participation
  • increased spectator interest
149
Q

What are 4 disadvantages of sponsors on elite sport?

A
  • sports are over reliant on funding and will collapse without it
  • money gos to popular sports
  • sports lose control e.g. tickets to sponsors not fans
  • loss of traditions to make it more exciting
150
Q

What are 3 advantages to coaches of commercialisation?

A
  • higher profile
  • increased salaries available
  • increased funding for better support systems/resources
151
Q

What are 3 disadvantages to coaches of commercialisation?

A
  • increased pressure to win
  • higher risk of losing job
  • inequalities in funding for minorities
152
Q

What are 4 advantages to officials of commercialisation?

A
  • increased profile so fans are more aware of their roles
  • increased salary so can go full time
  • better funding for tech e.g. VAR
  • increased funding for pro development so better refs
153
Q

What are 4 disadvantages to officials of commercialisation?

A
  • increased pressure as people analyse decisions made
  • increased expectations to give interviews and explain decisions
  • too dependent on technology
  • increased profile making them more vulnerable
154
Q

What are 4 advantages to spectators of commercialisation?

A
  • improved playing standard so viewing more enjoyable
  • improved facilities so larger more comfortable stadiums
  • better access to watch as it is available on more platforms
  • increased awareness of the sport
155
Q

What are 4 disadvantages to spectators of commercialisation?

A
  • increased cost of tickets and satellite channels
  • loss of tradition e.g. KO times
  • breaks in play for adverts
  • fewer tickets as more go to sponsors

PE (6 decks)

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