A2 Sport and Society and Technology Flashcards
1
Q
What is physical recreation?
A
The active aspect of leisure
2
Q
What are the key characteristics of physical recreation?
A
- for fun
- choose to participate
- self officiated
- focus on taking part
- participation is flexible
3
Q
What are the functions of physical recreation for individuals?
A
- develop self confidence
- reduced stress
- develop skills and fitness
- fun
4
Q
What is the function of physical recreation for society?
A
- reduced strain on NHS
- better use of time so lower crime rates
- increased employment
- improved social cohesion
5
Q
What is sport?
A
Serious or competitive physical activities
6
Q
What are the key characteristics of sport?
A
Serious/competitive
Prowess (high skill level)
Organised (lots of rules)
Rewards
Time/space restrictions
7
Q
What are the functions of sport for individuals?
A
- increased self confidence
- more social interactions
- sporting morals and attitudes
- better use of spare time
8
Q
What are the functions of sport for society?
A
- decreased strain on NHS
- decreased crime levels
- increased social control
- equality
9
Q
What are the key characteristics of physical education?
A
- compulsory
- begins at primary school
- lessons are pre-planned and highly structured
- happens during school time
10
Q
What are the functions of physical education?
A
- mental/physical/social skills
- leadership
- increased health and fitness
- self esteem
11
Q
What is school sport?
A
School teams that compete competitively outside of school time
12
Q
What is the OAA?
A
- outdoor adventurous activities that is part of the national curriculum
- e.g. activities using nature
13
Q
What are the functions of the OAA?
A
- awareness of safety
- knowledge/respect for environment
- teamwork
- social skills
14
Q
What are the problems of OAA?
A
- lack of time
- lack of money
- lack of qualified or motivated staff
- location
15
Q
What are the levels on the Sporting Development Continuum?
A
Foundation, Participation and Performance
16
Q
What is foundation level on the sporting development continuum?
A
- physical education at primary school
- develops skills and understanding
17
Q
What is participation level on the sporting development continuum?
A
- physical recreation
- for fun and developing relationships
- flexible participation
18
Q
What is performance level on the sporting development continuum?
A
- sport
- focused individuals
- emphasis on winning
- dedication
19
Q
What are the key characteristics of school sport?
A
- extracurricular
- optional
- competitive
20
Q
What are some examples of initiatives for school sport?
A
- School Sports Partnerships
- School Games
- specialist teachers
21
Q
What are the benefits of school sport?
A
- improved academic performance as motivated to perform in class to met criteria for sports teams
- social development (new friends)
- improved self esteem
- improved health and fitness
22
Q
What are the 3 aspects of PE?
A
Education, school sport and recreation
23
Q
What are the similarities between physical recreation and sport?
A
- both involve physical activity
- both increase health and fitness
- both performed in free time s voluntary activity
- both have intrinsic benefits
24
Q
What are the differences between physical recreation and sport?
A
- physical recreation is for all whereas sport is selective
- physical activity emphasises taking part whereas sport emphasises winning
- physical recreation is relaxed whereas sport is competitive
- physical recreation is self officiated whereas sport has trained professionals
25
What are the similarities between physical recreation and physical education?
- both non-competitive
- both have varied skill/fitness levels
- both available to all
- both increase health and fitness levels
26
What are the differences between physical recreation and physical education?
- physical recreation is done in free time whereas physical education is done during school hours
- physical recreation is voluntary whereas physical education is compulsory
- physical recreation is for fun whereas physical education is to develop skills and understanding
- physical recreation is self officiated whereas physical education is teacher led
27
What are the similarities between physical education and school sport?
- both highly structured and organised
- both offer intrinsic rewards
28
What are the differences between physical education and school sport?
- PE is compulsory whereas school sport is voluntary
- PE is available to all whereas school sport is selective
- PE emphasises taking part whereas school sport emphasises winning
- PE is done during lesson time whereas school sport is extracurricular
29
What is talent identification?
Multi disciplinary screening of athletes to identify those with potential for world class success
30
What is mean by the term elite?
The best, highest level sports performers at excellence level
31
What are personal qualities in talent ID?
Attributes and personality characteristics of individuals
32
What is a mentor?
A person who helps an guides others development
33
What are the personal factors that influences progression to elite level?
- commitment and self discipline
- determination
- willing to self sacrifice
- high pain tolerance
- self confident
- highly skilled
- physically fit
34
What are the socio-cultural factors that influence progression to elite level?
- high socioeconomic status
- evidence of equal opportunity and anti-discriminatory practices
- high quality provision
- structured competitions
- high levels of media coverage and role models
35
What are the 3 organisation that aid the development of elite performers?
UK Sport, the English Institute of Sport and NGBs
36
Who is UK Sport
Organisation that invests in Olympic/Paralympic sports and play a leading role in talent ID programmes
37
What is UK Sports focus?
- develop high performance sport
- develop young performers and enable elite progression without barriers
38
What is UK Sports role?
- distribute money from National Lottery to fund elite development
- to ensure success though medals at Olympics and Paralympics
39
What channels of support does UK Sport offer?
- World Class Programme
- Athlete Personal Award
40
What is the World Class Performance Programme?
- podium level receive most resources as it is likely they will win a medal in next 4 years
- podium potential receive a bit less resources as they are likely to win medals in next 8 years
- talent ID
41
What is the Athlete Personal Award?
Aids costs to elite performers
42
What is UK Sports ethos?
Promote positive sporting conduct and ethics at elite level
43
Who are the English Institute of Sport?
Owned by UK Sport and is an example of a home country institute of sport
44
How is the English Institute of Sport funded?
- every 4 years receives £40 million from UK Sport
- generates own income from providing services to NGBs
45
What is World Class Performance?
Operates 9 high performance centres that train the best athletes and coaches and offer best support and resources
46
What services does the English Institute of Sport offer?
Sports science, medical support ad performance/lifestyle support
47
How does the English Institute of Sport offer sports science support?
Evaluate and monitor training to provide best diet, psychology and performance analysis
48
How does the English Institute of Sport offer medical support?
Provides fast medicine and physio for injuries and illness
49
How does the English Institute of Sport offer performance/lifestyle support?
Provides supportive environments with guidance on things such as time management and sponsorships
50
What are the UK Talent and Research Innovation Teams?
- UKT work with EIS and UKS to develop path for talented juniors to move through
- RIT develop best equipment
51
What are NGBs?
Organisations for a sport that make decisions about direction of sport and funding from grass roots to elite level
52
How do NGBs provide support?
Positive role models
Accessible facilities
Meet government policies
Policies in place to target unrepresented groups
Employment of Sports Development Officers
Resources invested
53
What are NGBs Whole Sport Plans?
- 4 year lottery funded plan
- aims to increase participation and talent ID to win more medals
54
Why do we have talent ID programmes?
To screen performers and direct them to suited sports and aid their development to increase chance of winning medals
55
What are the disadvantages of talent ID programmes?
- need lots of funding
- no guarantee of successfully finding talent
- high profile sports attract more performers
- needs large numbers too be of use
56
How do you make a talent ID programme effective?
- appropriate testing procedures
- high quality facilities
- high quality scouts and coaches
- equality
57
What are the 4 areas of support in the EIS Performance Pathway Team?
- design talent ID programmes
- educate coaches
- review current systems
- develop a progressive pathway to elite
58
What is amateurism?
Participation in sport for the love of it with no financial gain and encouraging fair play and adhering to rules
59
What are some examples of amateurism in modern day sport?
- shaking hands at end of the game
- respect for referee
60
How is the Olympic Oath relevant?
- athletes still show respect to each other
- competitors still adhere to rules
- still examples of the spirit of the games
- still carry out regular drug testing and bans
- still said at the beginning of every Olympics
61
How is the Olympic Oath irrelevant?
- athletes get paid
- people get away with taking drugs
- those who have been banned may be able to come back and compete
62
Who founded the modern Olympic games?
Baron de Coubertin
63
What is sportsmanship?
Playing by written and unwritten rules of the games and the spirit of the games
64
What are some examples of good sportsmanship?
- the two high jumpers sharing the gold medal at the Olympics
- Redmond getting injured during a race and his dad helping him finish
65
What are some examples of bad sportsmanship?
- time wasting
- not shaking hands
- arguing with officials
66
What are the strategies in place to encourage sportsmanship?
- Fair Play awards
- use of technology to spot foul play
- increased severity of punishments
- rigorous drug testing
67
What is gamesmanship?
Stretching the rules but not breaking them and taking advantage of unclear rules
68
What are some examples of gamesmanship?
- athlete purposefully falling off bike within grace period to restart the race
- deliberate deception such as faking injury
69
What is the win ethic?
Wanting to win at all costs
70
What are some examples of the win ethic?
- no draws in American sports
- negativity towards losers
- high levels of deviance
71
What is deviance?
Behaviour that goes against the normals of society and is deemed unacceptable
72
What is positive deviance and an example?
- over conformity to norm’s and expectations
- e.g. continuing to play while injured
73
What is negative deviance and an example?
- under conforming to norms and expectations
- e.g cheating, doping, violence
74
What are the social reasons to take drugs in sport?
- win ethic
- for fame and fortune
- high pressure e,g, a final
- lack of deterrents
- poor role models
75
What are the psychological reasons to take drugs in sport?
- calm nerves
- increased aggression
- lack of confidence
76
What are the 3 PED’s?
Anabolic steroids, beta blockers and EPO
77
What are anabolic steroids?
Artificially produced hormones
78
Why are anabolic steroids used?
- increased protein storage
- promote muscle growth
- increase strength and power
- speed up recovery
79
What athlete would use anabolic steroids?
Power and strength e.g. weightlifters
80
What are the side effects of anabolic steroids?
- mood swings
- heart and immune damage
- aggression
81
What are beta blockers?
Drugs that calm individuals by counteracting adrenaline
82
Why are beta blockers used?
- improve accuracy
- reduce anxiety
- lower heart rate
- reduced muscle spasms
83
Who would use beta blockers?
Precision sports e.g. archery or darts
84
What are the side effects of beta blockers?
- fatigue
- low blood pressure
- reduced aerobic capacity
85
What is EPO?
Artificially produced hormones that produces haemoglobin
86
Why would you use EPO?
- stimulate RBC production
- increased oxygen capacity
- speeds up recovery
- delays onset of fatigue
87
Who would use EPO?
Endurance athletes e.g. marathon runners
88
What are the side effects of EPO?
- blood clotting
- strokes
- death
89
What are the pro’s for drug use on sports?
- higher performance quality
- more entertaining
- more competition
- better status
90
What are the con’s of drug use on sport?
- damage to reputation
- loss of revenue
- poor role models
- unfair competitions
91
What are the pro’s of drug use on the performers?
- increased chance of winning
- fame and fortune
- improved performance
- better sponsors
92
What are the con’s of drug use on performers?
- fines and bans
- side effects of the drugs
- loss of revenue
- social isolation
93
What are the strategies in place from UKAD to prevent the use of drugs?
- consistent testing
- educational support for athletes and coaches
- promotion of fair sport through 100% me campaign
- investment in testing to do no notice testing
- consistent punishments
- use of positive role models
- name and shame
94
What are the challenges to UKAD when preventing drug use?
- hard to gain immediate access to athlete
- constantly new drugs
- accidents (e.g. accidentally ingesting the drug)
- different countries/sports having different testing policies
95
Why are drugs a good thing?
- battle against drugs is expensive and time consuming
- detecting drugs isn’t always effective
- it’s the personal choice of the performer
- if its monitored properly the risk is decreased
96
Why are drugs a bad thing?
- health risks and side effects
- unethical and gives an unfair advantage
- only richer countries can afford them
- creates negative role models
97
How is sport legislation linked to the performer?
Injuries, loss of earnings and contracts
98
What does sports legislation do to performers?
- holds them accountable for their actions
- protects players while on the pitch
- allows them the right to work and
- protects performers in contracts
- holds individuals accountable for contract breaches
99
What are some examples of sport legislation holding players accountable for their actions?
- Duncan Ferguson prosecuted and jailed for his headbutt in 1995
- James Cotterill convicted and jailed for punching opposition
100
What are some examples of sport legislation protecting players on the pitch?
- 17 year old arrested and prosecuted for attacking Wycombe goalkeeper in 2013
- Jack Grealish’s attached during Aston Villa game
101
What is an example of sport legislation allowing performers the right to work?
The Bosman Ruling that allows players to leave club at the end of their contract without a transfer fee
102
What is an example of sport legislation protecting performers in contracts?
Wayne Rooney disputing former sports agency who insisted he owed them money but was dismissed as he was only 17 when he signed the contract
103
What is an example of sport legislation holding individuals accountable for contract breaches?
Rory McIlroy disputing Oakley after he moved to Nike without giving them first refusal
104
What is the memory tool to remember how sport legislation impacts sport?
Spectators attacking players
Opponents being too violent
Contractual issues with sponsors
Contractual issues with employers
Equality of opportunities (maternity leave)
Refereeing negligence
105
How does sport legislation relate to officials?
Negligence (protection of individuals by ensuring officials are doing their job)
106
What is negligence and how is it related to officials?
- someone failing to take reasonable care for another person
- when an official fails to fulfil duty which could harm a player
107
What are the 2 cases for official negligence?
- Smoldon v Whitworth and Nolan
- Allport v Wilbraham
108
What is Smoldon v Whitworth and Nolan?
- rugby referee who was at fault for injuries sustained in a scrum
- allowed over 20 scrums to collapse
- found to have not followed guidelines
109
What is Allport v Wilbraham?
- injury to claimant as a result of a collapsed scrum
- case was thrown out as official seen to have done as he should have
110
How is sport legislation related to coaches?
Duty of care to eliminate potential threats so participation is safe
111
How do coaches have a legal responsibility to their athletes?
- health and safety
- protection from abuse
- supplements
- duty of care
112
How do coaches ensure health and safety of performers?
- access to first aid
- means to contact emergency services
- deemed liable if evidence fond to show normal standards/practices not followed
113
How do coaches protect players from abuse?
- protection from emotional abuse e.g. taunting and threats
- protection from physical abuse e.. being hit
- should have a policy regarding child abuse that they adhere to
114
How do coaches protect performers from supplements?
- educate them on drug use and abuse
- provide advice on legal nutrition to enhance performance
115
How do coaches have a duty of care?
- ensure safety and welfare
- keep up to date contact details
- maintain appropriate supervision ratios
- ensure first aid available
- ensure adults have DBS
- ensure risk assessments
- act in loco parentis
116
How does sport legislation relate to spectators?
- ensure safety
- prevent hooliganism
117
How can spectators be protected by the law?
- remove perimeter fences and terraces at stadiums
- control alcohol sales
- specify kick off times imposed by police
- increased security and police presence
- tougher punishments/deterrents e.g. bans, fines and imprisonment
118
What is the Occupiers Liability Act (1957)?
An occupier of a premises owes a common duty of care to all visitors
119
What is the Safety of Sports Ground Act (1975)?
Protects all spectators and covers all grounds in sport
120
What is the Sporting Events (Control of Alcohol 1985)?
Ban possession of alcohol prior and during games and ensure grounds have licenses to sell alcohol
121
What is the Fire Safety and Safety of Place of Sport Act (1987)?
- fire security license must be gained from local authority
- sets maximum number of spectators in stands
- ensures stands are made out of fireproof materials
122
What is the Football Spectators Act (1989)?
Banning orders put on individuals who have committed offences for a period of time
123
What is the Football Offence Act (1991)?
Prevents throwing issues, chanting racist abuse and trespassing onto the pitch
124
What is the memory tool to remember the causes and implications of violence in relation to the performer?
WINNER
125
What are the causes and implications of violence in relation to the performer? (WINNER)
Win ethic and high rewards
Importance of the event
Nature of the sport e.g. rugby
NGBs too lenient with punishments
Excitement or over arousal
Refereeing decisions leading to frustration
126
What are 6 strategies to prevent violence in relation to the performer?
- using tech to support referee (e.g. VAR)
- training officials to diffuse situations
- punishing violence retrospectively as well (after the game has happened)
- promoting good role models
- imposing harsher punishments as a deterrence
- introducing education campaigns and rewards linked to good behaviour e.g. Fair Play awards
127
What are 6 causes of violence in sport in relation to the spectator?
- emotional intensity of the event
- alcohol and drugs
- media hype
- poor policing and crown control
- lack of deterrent
- diminished responsibility in groups
128
What are 6 solutions to violent spectators in sport?
- control alcohol sales
- tougher deterrents for fans
- CCTV in grounds
- removal of terraces and promoting family entertainment
- encouraging responsible media coverage
- passing laws to inhibit pitch invasions
129
What is the golden triangle?
The relationship between the sport, sponsors and media
130
Why does sport rely sponsors?
To pay them for promotion
131
Why does sort rely on the media?
Broadcasting and promotion of the matches/games
132
Why do sponsors rely on sport?
To advertise their brand/product at games to increase brand awareness
133
Why do sponsors rely on media?
Promote their product/brand to increase brand awareness
134
Why does the media rely on sport?
To get viewers who will pay for subscriptions
135
Why does the media rely on sponsors?
To get paid for product promotion
136
What are 4 advantages of the golden triangle to elite sport?
- increased promotion making the sport more popular
- increased sponsorship growing the sport
- more funding improving organisation of sport
- improved facilities
137
What are 4 disadvantages of the golden triangle on elite sport?
- dictation of KO times leading to a poorer experience
- negative impact on viewing/playing of sports e.g. longer ad breaks so boredom and increased risk of injury
- inequality in coverage
- sponsors demands on individuals.
138
What is ring fencing?
Sports that must be available for viewing on terrestrial or free to access TV
139
What is OFCOM?
The communication regulator in the UK that regulate the television sector
140
Why does OFCOM continue to ring fence certain events?
- allow access to widest number of viewers
- avoid restricting pay per view channels to only those that can afford
- increased geographical access to all
- free coverage that are part of sporting heritage/culture e.g. FA Cup
- access to sporting events that should be available to all e.g. Olympics
141
Why is ring fencing in danger of being diminished?
Companies like Sky and BT Sports offering huge financial packages
142
What makes sports more attractive to the media?
- high skill level
- visually appealing and exciting
- easily understood
- short in timescale e.g. test cricket
- identifiable role models
143
What are 4 advantages to performers of sponsorships?
- increased wages/prize money
- increased number of pro contracts so more full time opportunities
- improved behaviour due to being role models
- more funding for high quality support/facilities
144
What are 4 disadvantages to performers of sponsorships?
- increased pressure to win/win at all costs
- more deviant behaviour
- performers treated poorly by sponsors
- inequality in funding for minority performers
145
What are the reasons for performers thinking about the nature of sponsors? (SPONSOR)
Social duty
Personal appearance demands
Opposed nature of the sponsors against the performer
Negative impact on future sponsorship
Sponsors support is dependent upon image of the performer
Opposed nature of the sponsor against sport
Role models for others
146
What is the definition of commercialisation?
The treating sport as a commodity involving the buying and selling of assets
147
What are 4 advantages of sponsors on elite sport?
- increased funding improving facilities/resources/support
- better tech for referee decision making
- more positive role models improving participation
- increased spectator interest
148
What are 4 disadvantages of sponsors on elite sport?
- sports are over reliant on funding and will collapse without it
- money gos to popular sports
- sports lose control e.g. tickets to sponsors not fans
- loss of traditions to make it more exciting
149
What are 3 advantages to coaches of commercialisation?
- higher profile
- increased salaries available
- increased funding for better support systems/resources
150
What are 3 disadvantages to coaches of commercialisation?
- increased pressure to win
- higher risk of losing job
- inequalities in funding for minorities
151
What are 4 advantages to officials of commercialisation?
- increased profile so fans are more aware of their roles
- increased salary so can go full time
- better funding for tech e.g. VAR
- increased funding for pro development so better refs
152
What are 4 disadvantages to officials of commercialisation?
- increased pressure as people analyse decisions made
- increased expectations to give interviews and explain decisions
- too dependent on technology
- increased profile making them more vulnerable
153
What are 4 advantages to spectators of commercialisation?
- improved playing standard so viewing more enjoyable
- improved facilities so larger more comfortable stadiums
- better access to watch as it is available on more platforms
- increased awareness of the sport
154
What are 4 disadvantages to spectators of commercialisation?
- increased cost of tickets and satellite channels
- loss of tradition e.g. KO times
- breaks in play for adverts
- fewer tickets as more go to sponsors
155
What is sports analytics?
Studying data from sports performances to try and improve performance
156
What is quantitative research?
Formal objective systematic processes used to gather quantitative data e.g. fitness tests or reaction time
157
What is qualitative research?
Worded data that is subjective and looks at feelings, opinions and emotions e.g. dance or gymnastics
158
Is qualitative or quantitative more precise?
Usually quantitative
159
What is objective data?
Usually quantitative data that is based on facts and is measurable and observable e.g. reaction time
160
What is subjective data?
Usually qualitative data that is based on opinions and emotions e.g. post performance evaluation
161
What is validity?
The degree to which the data collected measures what it claims to measure
162
What is reliability?
Whether the data collected is similar and consistent when repeated
163
What is video notional analysis?
A technique used to get information about moving objects from a video
164
What technology is used for video motion analysis?
High speed cameras and computer software
165
What are the 2 types of video motion analysis?
Notational match analysis and biomechanics
166
What is notational match analysis?
Studies performance based on the outcomes e.g. how far they ran or how many successful passes they made
167
What is biomechanic analysis?
Studies the performance based on skills and techniques e.g. foot placement in a sprint
168
What is performance analysis?
Provisions of objective feedback to performers to elicit a positive change in their performance
169
How can performance analysis be used in training?
- immediate visual feedback
- allow performers to compare the performance of a particular skill
- pre and post training feedback
170
How can performance analysis be used in competitions?
- look at opponents stats
- consider previous experience of that opponent
- plan tactics and strategies
171
What is the metabolic cart?
A device that has head gear over the mouth and nose to measure oxygen breathed in over a period of time
172
What is indirect calorimetry?
Measurement of the amount of heat and energy in an oxidation reaction
173
How is indirect calorimetry measured?
Amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide inspired and expired over a period of time
174
What is REE?
- resting energy expenditure
- amount of energy a person burns while at rest
175
What are the factors that impact REE and their effect?
- weight = higher REE is heavier
- BMI (height:weight) = higher BMI higher REE
- at = lowers as age increases
- gender = higher in women
- drug use = higher if you smoke/use amphetamines
176
What are the benefits of indirect calorimetry?
- able to determine energy requirements and nutrition
- can determine nutrition needs during exercise
- assess energy needs when losing/gaining weight
- measure REE
177
What are difficulties/sources of error with indirect calorimetry?
- inaccuracies from air leaks
- inaccuracies from recording errors
- hard to use on children
- inaccuracies leading to over or under feeding
- single snapshots aren’t always reliable
- process measures consumption not needs
178
What is GPS?
- global positioning system
- space based navigation system that provides location and time information
179
What are G forces?
Forces acting on the body as a result of acceleration and gravity
180
How does GPS help monitor player performance?
- how far they have travelled
- how fast they travelled
- areas covered
- direction they travelled
181
How can GPS support performers?
- measure performance e.g. fitness levels so they can track progress
- used to measure recovery times
- monitor workload when in rehab
- replicate match intensity in training
- receive immediate feedback
- measure impact analysis through g forces
182
How can GPS support the coaches?
- useful when selecting teams
- provide immediate feedback to performers
- match players up to compete
183
What methods of GPS can be used at non elite level?
- strava
- fitbits
- smart watches
184
Why would non elite performers use GPS?
- track progress
- provides motivation
- competition
- track health
185
What are the benefits of using GPS in sport?
- provides detailed quantitative data
- available to non elite athletes
- provides immediate feedback
186
What are the limitations of using GPS in sport?
- expensive
- cheaper equipment may be unreliable
- data can be hard to interpret
187
What is data integrity?
Maintaining and ensuring the accuracy and consistency of stored data over its lifetime
188
How can data be compromised?
- human error when inputting
- errors when transmitting data to other computers
- software bugs/viruses
- hardware malfunctions e.g. disk crash
189
What are some methods minimise threats to data integrity?
- regularly back up data
- control who has access to it
- prevent input of invalid data through a software
- take care when entering data
- use error detection/correction softwares
- not leaving computer unattended
190
Why would recreational performers monitor fitness?
- measure calories burnt/input
- measure distance covered
- measure resting heart rate
- measure performance zones
- measure recovery times
- track sleep
191
Why would elite performers measure fitness?
- to track progression
- measure split times
- compare to others
192
What are 2 techniques of analytics in injury prevention?
- vibration technology
- electrostimulation
193
How is vibration technology used to prevent injury and benefits of it?
- e.g. massage gun to the whole body or affected area
- improve circulation
- reduce DOMS
- alleviate stress
- increase muscle mass
194
How is electro stimulation used to prevent injury’s and the benefits of it?
- gentle external electrocution of muscles like a brain cell would do without the involvement of the nervous system
- prevent fitness losses during inactivity
- remove muscle tension that could lead to injury
- removes lactic acid
- strengthens muscles
195
What are the uses of analytics in game analysis?
- measure player performance
- provide immediate feedback
- recreate match intensity in training
- identify optimal rest and recovery times
- allow for comparison
196
How is qualitative data used in talent ID?
- scouring reports on player performance
- used to make team selections
197
How is quantitative data used in talent ID?
- profiling players for pathway analytics (height, speed etc)
- data is assessed to identity players ‘most likely’ to succeed
198
What are some examples of adaptive technology to encourage physical activity in the elderly?
- finger extension exerciser to aid hand and wrist movements
- low impact pedal exercise machine so they can take part in low impact exercise to stimulate circulation and maintain muscle tone
- exercise balance beam to maintain balance, coordination and mobility
- advanced wheelchairs to improve mobility and get involved in adapted activities
199
What are some examples of technology for disabled performers?
- prosthetics
- harnesses/hoists
- wheelchairs
- ramps
200
How is a shot put wheel chair adapted?
- stabilised/fixed base
- elevated
- strapped to chair
201
How is a rugby wheelchair adapted?
- lightweight
- low to ground
- foot protection
202
How is a racing wheelchair adapted?
- streamlined
- lightweight
- handles on the wheels
203
How is a tennis wheelchair adapted?
- not above hips
- strapped to seat
- large wheels for fast movement
204
How is a skiing wheelchair adapted?
- streamlined
- back support
- protective leg area
- lightweight
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What are the 2 types of prosthetics?
- blade
- fixed prosthetic
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How is a blade adapted for use?
- allows the use of the knee
- quick start
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How is the fixed prosthetic adapted?
- cannot use knee
- gives a slower start
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What is the initiative ‘Places People Play’?
- delivered by Sport England with the British Olympic Association
- deliver on Olympic and Paralympic legacy promise to increase sports participation by providing facilities at a local level
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What are the 3 aspects of ‘Places People Play’?
- places = improving facilities to the public, Iconic Facilities initiative funds money to transform places used to play sports at a local level to increase participation
- people = inspiring more people to be physically active by creating sports leaders in communities
- play = introducing more competitions
210
What is a technological development in surfaces to aid multi sport provision?
3G surfaces
211
What are the benefits of 3G surfaces?
- less maintenance
- can be used all year round
- more consistent so reduced chance of injury
- multi use
- lasts longer than grass
- increase participation
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What are some limitations of 3G surfaces?
- friction burns
- expensive
- doesnt replicate grass
- more rigid so can increase chance of injury
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What is an example of a multi sport facility for a high participation sport and the benefits of this?
- Lee Valley VeloPark that has a velodrome and a road cycle circuit
- more sports can access it
- increases participation
- more people spend money on the fitness sector
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What are marginal gains?
- developed by Brailsford’s attention to detail for London 2012 cycling team
- he made minor changes (e.g. heated shorts) that allowed for greater success
- the development of new technology has allowed this
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What are positive impacts of technology on sport?
- increased participation
- increased inclusivity
- development of adaptive equipment e.g. wheelchairs and prosthetics
- development of means to collect data such as GPS
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What negative impacts of technology on sport?
- misleading data that can lead to a negative perception of performance if not fully understood
- expensive so limits the people who can access it e.g. VAR
- paralysis by analysis meaning people focus too much on the data not what is actually happening so cannot react to situations
- placebo effect so thinking the most expensive technology correlates to the best performance
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What are positive impacts of technology on the performer?
- improved clothing e.g. bodysuits in athletics, spikes for sprinters, swimming costumes
- improved equipment.g. lighter golf clubs, tracking devices
- improved protective equipment e.g. cricket helmets and gum shields
- improved recovery e.g. compression clothing and cryotherapy
- improved rehab e.g. oxygen tents
- detailed analysis of performance from GPS and game analysis
- increased knowledge of diet and supplements
- improved drug testing
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What are some negative impacts of technology on the performer?
- injury or over aggression due to a feeling of invincibility
- lead to cheating due to PED that cannot be detected yet
- expensive so not available to all e.g. those outside of elite sport
219
What are some positive impacts of technology on the coach?
- can get highly detailed feedback of players performances
- enables quantitative assessment of performance
- coaches can develop more detailed training programmes to develop weaknesses
220
What are some negative impacts of technology on the coach?
- can over rely on it
- opponents can analyse you and collect data on you
221
What are some positive impacts of technology on spectators?
- increased awareness of team performance due to stats accessed through apps
- aids understanding of the sport through social media
- easier access to the sport through streaming platforms and highlight videos
- insight into officiating decisions as they now wear mics
- increased excitement through VAR increasing excitement
222
What are some positive impacts of technology on the officials?
- helps them to make the correct decisions through VAR and hawk eye
- improves communication with one another and the players
- more accurate timings such as injury time can be added on
223
What are some negative impacts of technology on officials?
- loss of respect from the crowd as the decision maker
- inconsistencies in use of technology between sports due to costs
- disruption to play to make the accurate decision using VAR
- undermining their position on TV in post match discussions
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What are some negative impacts of technology on spectators?
- VAR slows game down and prevents spectators celebrating the games properly
- more expensive to watch sport to fund for technology
