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PE > A2 Sport and Society and Technology > Flashcards

A2 Sport and Society and Technology Flashcards

1
Q

What is physical recreation?

A

The active aspect of leisure

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2
Q

What are the key characteristics of physical recreation?

A
  • for fun
  • choose to participate
  • self officiated
  • focus on taking part
  • participation is flexible
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3
Q

What are the functions of physical recreation for individuals?

A
  • develop self confidence
  • reduced stress
  • develop skills and fitness
  • fun
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4
Q

What is the function of physical recreation for society?

A
  • reduced strain on NHS
  • better use of time so lower crime rates
  • increased employment
  • improved social cohesion
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5
Q

What is sport?

A

Serious or competitive physical activities

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6
Q

What are the key characteristics of sport?

A

Serious/competitive
Prowess (high skill level)
Organised (lots of rules)
Rewards
Time/space restrictions

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7
Q

What are the functions of sport for individuals?

A
  • increased self confidence
  • more social interactions
  • sporting morals and attitudes
  • better use of spare time
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8
Q

What are the functions of sport for society?

A
  • decreased strain on NHS
  • decreased crime levels
  • increased social control
  • equality
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9
Q

What are the key characteristics of physical education?

A
  • compulsory
  • begins at primary school
  • lessons are pre-planned and highly structured
  • happens during school time
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10
Q

What are the functions of physical education?

A
  • mental/physical/social skills
  • leadership
  • increased health and fitness
  • self esteem
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11
Q

What is school sport?

A

School teams that compete competitively outside of school time

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12
Q

What is the OAA?

A
  • outdoor adventurous activities that is part of the national curriculum
  • e.g. activities using nature
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13
Q

What are the functions of the OAA?

A
  • awareness of safety
  • knowledge/respect for environment
  • teamwork
  • social skills
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14
Q

What are the problems of OAA?

A
  • lack of time
  • lack of money
  • lack of qualified or motivated staff
  • location
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15
Q

What are the levels on the Sporting Development Continuum?

A

Foundation, Participation and Performance

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16
Q

What is foundation level on the sporting development continuum?

A
  • physical education at primary school
  • develops skills and understanding
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17
Q

What is participation level on the sporting development continuum?

A
  • physical recreation
  • for fun and developing relationships
  • flexible participation
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18
Q

What is performance level on the sporting development continuum?

A
  • sport
  • focused individuals
  • emphasis on winning
  • dedication
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19
Q

What are th

A
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20
Q

What are the key characteristics of school sport?

A
  • extracurricular
  • optional
  • competitive
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21
Q

What are some examples of initiatives for school sport?

A
  • School Sports Partnerships
  • School Games
  • specialist teachers
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22
Q

What are the benefits of school sport?

A
  • improved academic performance as motivated to perform in class to met criteria for sports teams
  • social development (new friends)
  • improved self esteem
  • improved health and fitness
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23
Q

What are the 3 aspects of PE?

A

Education, school sport and recreation

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24
Q

What are the similarities between physical recreation and sport?

A
  • both involve physical activity
  • both increase health and fitness
  • both performed in free time s voluntary activity
  • both have intrinsic benefits
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25
Q

What are the differences between physical recreation and sport?

A
  • physical recreation is for all whereas sport is selective
  • physical activity emphasises taking part whereas sport emphasises winning
  • physical recreation is relaxed whereas sport is competitive
  • physical recreation is self officiated whereas sport has trained professionals
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26
Q

What are the similarities between physical recreation and physical education?

A
  • both non-competitive
  • both have varied skill/fitness levels
  • both available to all
  • both increase health and fitness levels
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27
Q

What are the differences between physical recreation and physical education?

A
  • physical recreation is done in free time whereas physical education is done during school hours
  • physical recreation is voluntary whereas physical education is compulsory
  • physical recreation is for fun whereas physical education is to develop skills and understanding
  • physical recreation is self officiated whereas physical education is teacher led
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28
Q

What are the similarities between physical education and school sport?

A
  • both highly structured and organised
  • both offer intrinsic rewards
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29
Q

What are the differences between physical education and school sport?

A
  • PE is compulsory whereas school sport is voluntary
  • PE is available to all whereas school sport is selective
  • PE emphasises taking part whereas school sport emphasises winning
  • PE is done during lesson time whereas school sport is extracurricular
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30
Q

What is talent identification?

A

Multi disciplinary screening of athletes to identify those with potential for world class success

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31
Q

What is mean by the term elite?

A

The best, highest level sports performers at excellence level

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32
Q

What are personal qualities in talent ID?

A

Attributes and personality characteristics of individuals

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33
Q

What is a mentor?

A

A person who helps an guides others development

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34
Q

What are the personal factors that influences progression to elite level?

A
  • commitment and self discipline
  • determination
  • willing to self sacrifice
  • high pain tolerance
  • self confident
  • highly skilled
  • physically fit
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35
Q

What are the socio-cultural factors that influence progression to elite level?

A
  • high socioeconomic status
  • evidence of equal opportunity and anti-discriminatory practices
  • high quality provision
  • structured competitions
  • high levels of media coverage and role models
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36
Q

What are the 3 organisation that aid the development of elite performers?

A

UK Sport, the English Institute of Sport and NGBs

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37
Q

Who is UK Sport

A

Organisation that invests in Olympic/Paralympic sports and play a leading role in talent ID programmes

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38
Q

What is UK Sports focus?

A
  • develop high performance sport
  • develop young performers and enable elite progression without barriers
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39
Q

What is UK Sports role?

A
  • distribute money from National Lottery to fund elite development
  • to ensure success though medals at Olympics and Paralympics
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40
Q

What channels of support does UK Sport offer?

A
  • World Class Programme
  • Athlete Personal Award
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41
Q

What is the World Class Performance Programme?

A
  • podium level receive most resources as it is likely they will win a medal in next 4 years
  • podium potential receive a bit less resources as they are likely to win medals in next 8 years
  • talent ID
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42
Q

What is the Athlete Personal Award?

A

Aids costs to elite performers

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43
Q

What is UK Sports ethos?

A

Promote positive sporting conduct and ethics at elite level

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44
Q

Who are the English Institute of Sport?

A

Owned by UK Sport and is an example of a home country institute of sport

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45
Q

How is the English Institute of Sport funded?

A
  • every 4 years receives £40 million from UK Sport
  • generates own income from providing services to NGBs
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46
Q

What is World Class Performance?

A

Operates 9 high performance centres that train the best athletes and coaches and offer best support and resources

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47
Q

What services does the English Institute of Sport offer?

A

Sports science, medical support ad performance/lifestyle support

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48
Q

How does the English Institute of Sport offer sports science support?

A

Evaluate and monitor training to provide best diet, psychology and performance analysis

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49
Q

How does the English Institute of Sport offer medical support?

A

Provides fast medicine and physio for injuries and illness

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50
Q

How does the English Institute of Sport offer performance/lifestyle support?

A

Provides supportive environments with guidance on things such as time management and sponsorships

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51
Q

What are the UK Talent and Research Innovation Teams?

A
  • UKT work with EIS and UKS to develop path for talented juniors to move through
  • RIT develop best equipment
52
Q

What are NGBs?

A

Organisations for a sport that make decisions about direction of sport and funding from grass roots to elite level

53
Q

How do NGBs provide support?

A

Positive role models
Accessible facilities
Meet government policies
Policies in place to target unrepresented groups
Employment of Sports Development Officers
Resources invested

54
Q

What are NGBs Whole Sport Plans?

A
  • 4 year lottery funded plan
  • aims to increase participation and talent ID to win more medals
55
Q

Why do we have talent ID programmes?

A

To screen performers and direct them to suited sports and aid their development to increase chance of winning medals

56
Q

What are the disadvantages of talent ID programmes?

A
  • need lots of funding
  • no guarantee of successfully finding talent
  • high profile sports attract more performers
  • needs large numbers too be of use
57
Q

How do you make a talent ID programme effective?

A
  • appropriate testing procedures
  • high quality facilities
  • high quality scouts and coaches
  • equality
58
Q

What are the 4 areas of support in the EIS Performance Pathway Team?

A
  • design talent ID programmes
  • educate coaches
  • review current systems
  • develop a progressive pathway to elite
59
Q

What is amateurism?

A

Participation in sport for the love of it with no financial gain and encouraging fair play and adhering to rules

60
Q

What are some examples of amateurism in modern day sport?

A
  • shaking hands at end of the game
  • respect for referee
61
Q

How is the Olympic Oath relevant?

A
  • athletes still show respect to each other
  • competitors still adhere to rules
  • still examples of the spirit of the games
  • still carry out regular drug testing and bans
  • still said at the beginning of every Olympics
62
Q

How is the Olympic Oath irrelevant?

A
  • athletes get paid
  • people get away with taking drugs
  • those who have been banned may be able to come back and compete
63
Q

Who founded the modern Olympic games?

A

Baron de Coubertin

64
Q

What is sportsmanship?

A

Playing by written and unwritten rules of the games and the spirit of the games

65
Q

What are some examples of good sportsmanship?

A
  • the two high jumpers sharing the gold medal at the Olympics
  • Redmond getting injured during a race and his dad helping him finish
66
Q

What are some examples of bad sportsmanship?

A
  • time wasting
  • not shaking hands
  • arguing with officials
67
Q

What are the strategies in place to encourage sportsmanship?

A
  • Fair Play awards
  • use of technology to spot foul play
  • increased severity of punishments
  • rigorous drug testing
68
Q

What is gamesmanship?

A

Stretching the rules but not breaking them and taking advantage of unclear rules

69
Q

What are some examples of gamesmanship?

A
  • athlete purposefully falling off bike within grace period to restart the race
  • deliberate deception such as faking injury
70
Q

What is the win ethic?

A

Wanting to win at all costs

71
Q

What are some examples of the win ethic?

A
  • no draws in American sports
  • negativity towards losers
  • high levels of deviance
72
Q

What is deviance?

A

Behaviour that goes against the normals of society and is deemed unacceptable

73
Q

What is positive deviance and an example?

A
  • over conformity to norm’s and expectations
  • e.g. continuing to play while injured
74
Q

What is negative deviance and an example?

A
  • under conforming to norms and expectations
  • e.g cheating, doping, violence
75
Q

What are the social reasons to take drugs in sport?

A
  • win ethic
  • for fame and fortune
  • high pressure e,g, a final
  • lack of deterrents
  • poor role models
76
Q

What are the psychological reasons to take drugs in sport?

A
  • calm nerves
  • increased aggression
  • lack of confidence
77
Q

What are the 3 PED’s?

A

Anabolic steroids, beta blockers and EPO

78
Q

What are anabolic steroids?

A

Artificially produced hormones

79
Q

Why are anabolic steroids used?

A
  • increased protein storage
  • promote muscle growth
  • increase strength and power
  • speed up recovery
80
Q

What athlete would use anabolic steroids?

A

Power and strength e.g. weightlifters

81
Q

What are the side effects of anabolic steroids?

A
  • mood swings
  • heart and immune damage
  • aggression
82
Q

What are beta blockers?

A

Drugs that calm individuals by counteracting adrenaline

83
Q

Why are beta blockers used?

A
  • improve accuracy
  • reduce anxiety
  • lower heart rate
  • reduced muscle spasms
84
Q

Who would use beta blockers?

A

Precision sports e.g. archery or darts

85
Q

What are the side effects of beta blockers?

A
  • fatigue
  • low blood pressure
  • reduced aerobic capacity
86
Q

What is EPO?

A

Artificially produced hormones that produces haemoglobin

87
Q

Why would you use EPO?

A
  • stimulate RBC production
  • increased oxygen capacity
  • speeds up recovery
  • delays onset of fatigue
88
Q

Who would use EPO?

A

Endurance athletes e.g. marathon runners

89
Q

What are the side effects of EPO?

A
  • blood clotting
  • strokes
  • death
90
Q

What are the pro’s for drug use on sports?

A
  • higher performance quality
  • more entertaining
  • more competition
  • better status
91
Q

What are the con’s of drug use on sport?

A
  • damage to reputation
  • loss of revenue
  • poor role models
  • unfair competitions
92
Q

What are the pro’s of drug use on the performers?

A
  • increased chance of winning
  • fame and fortune
  • improved performance
  • better sponsors
93
Q

What are the con’s of drug use on performers?

A
  • fines and bans
  • side effects of the drugs
  • loss of revenue
  • social isolation
94
Q

What are the strategies in place from UKAD to prevent the use of drugs?

A
  • consistent testing
  • educational support for athletes and coaches
  • promotion of fair sport through 100% me campaign
  • investment in testing to do no notice testing
  • consistent punishments
  • use of positive role models
  • name and shame
95
Q

What are the challenges to UKAD when preventing drug use?

A
  • hard to gain immediate access to athlete
  • constantly new drugs
  • accidents (e.g. accidentally ingesting the drug)
  • different countries/sports having different testing policies
96
Q

Why are drugs a good thing?

A
  • battle against drugs is expensive and time consuming
  • detecting drugs isn’t always effective
  • it’s the personal choice of the performer
  • if its monitored properly the risk is decreased
97
Q

Why are drugs a bad thing?

A
  • health risks and side effects
  • unethical and gives an unfair advantage
  • only richer countries can afford them
  • creates negative role models
98
Q

How is sport legislation linked to the performer?

A

Injuries, loss of earnings and contracts

99
Q

What does sports legislation do to performers?

A
  • holds them accountable for their actions
  • protects players while on the pitch
  • allows them the right to work and
  • protects performers in contracts
  • holds individuals accountable for contract breaches
100
Q

What are some examples of sport legislation holding players accountable for their actions?

A
  • Duncan Ferguson prosecuted and jailed for his headbutt in 1995
  • James Cotterill convicted and jailed for punching opposition
101
Q

What are some examples of sport legislation protecting players on the pitch?

A
  • 17 year old arrested and prosecuted for attacking Wycombe goalkeeper in 2013
  • Jack Grealish’s attached during Aston Villa game
102
Q

What is an example of sport legislation allowing performers the right to work?

A

The Bosman Ruling that allows players to leave club at the end of their contract without a transfer fee

103
Q

What is an example of sport legislation protecting performers in contracts?

A

Wayne Rooney disputing former sports agency who insisted he owed them money but was dismissed as he was only 17 when he signed the contract

104
Q

What is an example of sport legislation holding individuals accountable for contract breaches?

A

Rory McIlroy disputing Oakley after he moved to Nike without giving them first refusal

105
Q

What is the memory tool to remember how sport legislation impacts sport?

A

Spectators attacking players
Opponents being too violent
Contractual issues with sponsors
Contractual issues with employers
Equality of opportunities (maternity leave)
Refereeing negligence

106
Q

How does sport legislation relate to officials?

A

Negligence (protection of individuals by ensuring officials are doing their job)

107
Q

What is negligence and how is it related to officials?

A
  • someone failing to take reasonable care for another person
  • when an official fails to fulfil duty which could harm a player
108
Q

What are the 2 cases for official negligence?

A
  • Smoldon v Whitworth and Nolan
  • Allport v Wilbraham
109
Q

What is Smoldon v Whitworth and Nolan?

A
  • rugby referee who was at fault for injuries sustained in a scrum
  • allowed over 20 scrums to collapse
  • found to have not followed guidelines
110
Q

What is Allport v Wilbraham?

A
  • injury to claimant as a result of a collapsed scrum
  • case was thrown out as official seen to have done as he should have
111
Q

How is sport legislation related to coaches?

A

Duty of care to eliminate potential threats so participation is safe

112
Q

How do coaches have a legal responsibility to their athletes?

A
  • health and safety
  • protection from abuse
  • supplements
  • duty of care
113
Q

How do coaches ensure health and safety of performers?

A
  • access to first aid
  • means to contact emergency services
  • deemed liable if evidence fond to show normal standards/practices not followed
114
Q

How do coaches protect players from abuse?

A
  • protection from emotional abuse e.g. taunting and threats
  • protection from physical abuse e.. being hit
  • should have a policy regarding child abuse that they adhere to
115
Q

How do coaches protect performers from supplements?

A
  • educate them on drug use and abuse
  • provide advice on legal nutrition to enhance performance
116
Q

How do coaches have a duty of care?

A
  • ensure safety and welfare
  • keep up to date contact details
  • maintain appropriate supervision ratios
  • ensure first aid available
  • ensure adults have DBS
  • ensure risk assessments
  • act in loco parentis
117
Q

How does sport legislation relate to spectators?

A
  • ensure safety
  • prevent hooliganism
118
Q

How can spectators be protected by the law?

A
  • remove perimeter fences and terraces at stadiums
  • control alcohol sales
  • specify kick off times imposed by police
  • increased security and police presence
  • tougher punishments/deterrents e.g. bans, fines and imprisonment
119
Q

What is the Occupiers Liability Act (1957)?

A

An occupier of a premises owes a common duty of care to all visitors

120
Q

What is the Safety of Sports Ground Act (1975)?

A

Protects all spectators and covers all grounds in sport

121
Q

What is the Sporting Events (Control of Alcohol 1985)?

A

Ban possession of alcohol prior and during games and ensure grounds have licenses to sell alcohol

122
Q

What is the Fire Safety and Safety of Place of Sport Act (1987)?

A
  • fire security license must be gained from local authority
  • sets maximum number of spectators in stands
  • ensures stands are made out of fireproof materials
123
Q

What is the Football Spectators Act (1989)?

A

Banning orders put on individuals who have committed offences for a period of time

124
Q

What is the Football Offence Act (1991)?

A

Prevents throwing issues, chanting racist abuse and trespassing onto the pitch

125
Q

What is the memory tool to remember the causes and implications of violence in relation to the performer?

A

WINNER

126
Q

What are the causes and implications of violence in relation to the performer?

A

Win ethic and high rewards
Importance of the event
Nature of the sport e.g. rugby
NGBs too lenient with punishments
Excitement or over arousal
Refereeing decisions leading to frustration

127
Q

What are the strategies to prevent violence in relation to the performer?

A
  • using tech to support referee (e.g. VAR)
  • training officials to diffuse situations
  • punishing violence retrospectively as well (after the game has happened)
  • promoting good role models
  • imposing harsher punishments as a deterrence
  • introducing education campaigns and rewards linked to good behaviour e.g. Fair Play awards

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