Articulation

Question 1

What is the difference between marked and unmarked sounds?

Answer 1

Unmarked sounds are more naturally required and appear in more different languages, marked sounds are less natural and are acquired later

Question 2

What are variations of phonemes called?

Answer 2

allophones

Question 3

What is the difference between phonemic and phonetic?

Answer 3

Phonemic refers to abstract system of sounds, phonetic refers to concrete productions of sounds

Question 4

Who developed the distinctive feature paradigm?

Answer 4

Chomsky-Halle, binary system

Question 5

How are consonants typically classified?

Answer 5

place-manner-voicing

Question 6

What sounds are produced with the least amount of restriction in the oral cavity?

Answer 6

liquids

Question 7

What is the behavioral explanation of speech sound acquisition?

Answer 7

based on conditioning and learning, focuses on describing observable and overt behaviors. Treats the acquisition of speech like the acquisition of other skills. It does not require special phenomena as innate universals

Question 8

What does the behavioral theory emphasize?

Answer 8

the child develops adult like speech of his or her own community through interactions with the caregiver. The theory holds that the child’s babbling is gradually shaped into adult forms through principles of classical conditioning that occur primarily during caregiver-child interactions.

Question 9

What is a criticism of the behavioral theory?

Answer 9

it does not account for an infant’s creativity or capacity to produce new patterns. In addition, the evidence is not compelling that caretakers selectively reinforce the child’s sounds in the prelinguistic period.

Question 10

What is the structural theory?

Answer 10

phonological development follows an innate, universal, and hierarchal order of acquisition of distinctive features. The child begins with maximal contrasts of /p/ and /a/ and differentiates and fine tunes them into more subtle contrasts

Question 11

What is the natural phonology theory?

Answer 11

natural phonological processes are innate processes that simplify the adult target word. Children learn to suppress processes that do not occur in their languages.

Question 12

What is the generative phonology theory?

Answer 12

phonological descriptions are dependent on information from other linguistic levels. Second, phonological rules map underlying representations onto surface pronunciations.

Question 13

How is an infant’s vocal tract significantly different than an adults?

Answer 13

high larynx, far forward placed tongue

Question 14

What are the stages of prelinguistic acquisition?

Answer 14

birth to 1 month, sounds are reflexive
2-4 months cooing
4-6 months playing with speech, squeals, yells, raspberries, some cv- combos and vowel like sounds
6-8 canonical or reduplicated babbling 
8mo-1 variegated babbling 
1 year-first meaningful word

Question 15

What are the acquistiion of sound types?

Answer 15

nasals, stops, glides, liquids, fricatives and affricates, consonant clusters

Question 16

What are phonological processes?

Answer 16

children’s errors are a way of simplifying the adult model of correct articulation, classified as substitutions, assimilation and syllable structure

Question 17

What is reduplication?

Answer 17

wawa for water

Question 18

What is regressive assimilation?

Answer 18

Consonant harmony, guk for duck, bip for zip

Question 19

What is progressive assimilation?

Answer 19

kick for kis

Question 20

What is voicing assimilation?

Answer 20

pik for pig, bad for pad

Question 21

What is epenthesis?

Answer 21

schwa vowel is inserted between consonants

Question 22

What is diminutization?

Answer 22

dogi for dog

Question 23

What is metathesis?

Answer 23

pik/kip, pisgetti for spaagetti

Question 24

What is a functional articulation disorder?

Answer 24

One that cannot be explained on the basis of neurological damage, muscle weakness or paralysis, or structural problems such as cleft paalte

Question 25

What is an organic articulation disorder?

Answer 25

problems arise from phsyical anomalies

Question 26

What is ankyloglossia?

Answer 26

tongue tie

Question 27

What is a class I malocclusion?

Answer 27

the arches themselves are generally aligned properly but some individual teeth are misaligned

Question 28

What is a class II malocclusion?

Answer 28

upper jaw is protruded and mandible receded

Question 29

What is a class III malocclusion?

Answer 29

mandible is protruded

Question 30

What is the goal of diadochokinteic rate?

Answer 30

assess the functional and structural integrity of the lips, jaw, and tongue

Question 31

What is the definition of an oromyofunctional disorder?

Answer 31

any anatomical or physiological characteristic of the orofacial structures that interferes with normal speech, physical, dentofacial, or psychosocial development, this includes swallow, labial and lingual rest and speech posture difference. Normally this child exhibits deviant swallows.

Question 32

What is Van Riper’s approach?

Answer 32

foundation for motor approaches to articulation therapy, auditory discrimination/perceptual training, phonetic placement, drill-like repetition, and practice. Clinicians view articulation errors as resulting from motor difficulties, where the child is physically unable to produce the sound and from faulty perceptual skills

Question 33

What is the underlying assumption of production training?

Answer 33

motor practice leads to automatization and therefore generalization

Question 34

When are motor based approaches most suitable>?

Answer 34

when the child has only a few phonemes in error and hwo are not highly unintelligible

Question 35

What is McDonald’s sensory-motor approach?

Answer 35

based on the assumption that the syllable, not the isolated ohoneme is the basic unit of speech production. Phonetic environment is important. Helpful for children with oral-motor coordination difficulties

Question 36

What is a linguistic approach to articulation therapy?

Answer 36

assume that the child has a rule-governed system with specific patterns, but that this system differs from that of the adult system in the child’s community. Therapy is geared to modifying the child’s underlying rule system.

Question 37

What is the primary goal of a linguistic approach?

Answer 37

establish phonological rules in a client’s repertoire, therapy focuses on relationships amongst sounds

Question 38

What do most linguistic approaches utilize?

Answer 38

minimal pairs

Question 39

What is the distinctive features approach?

Answer 39

establish the missing distinctive features or feature contrasts by teaching relevant sounds.

Question 40

What is the contrast approach?

Answer 40

minimal pair contrast therapy

Question 41

What is the metaphon therapy approach?

Answer 41

dissatisfied with minimal pairs, based on the metalinguistic awareness. This therapy is designed to enhance children’s metaphonological. Assumes that children’s difficulties do not lie in actual motor production of speech, but in the acquisition of rules of phonological system. Used with moderate to severe phono children. Helps children understand that sounds can be classified by characteristics

Question 42

What is the phonological process approach?

Answer 42

based on assumption that a child’s multiple errors reflect the operation of certain phonological rules and that the problem is phonemic, not phonetic.

Question 43

Cycle’s Approach?

Answer 43

designed to treat children with multiple misarticulations and highly unintelligible speech, error patterns are targeted for remediation based on stimulability, intelligibility, and percentage of occurence.

Question 44

What is phonological awareness treatment?

Answer 44

awareness of sound structure of a language, child’s abilitty to manipulae and think about the structure of language. Phono difficulties are linked to problems with phonemic awareness. Sound blending, rhyming, alliteration, and others that focus on sound-structure awareness.