Articulation Flashcards
What is the difference between marked and unmarked sounds?
Unmarked sounds are more naturally required and appear in more different languages, marked sounds are less natural and are acquired later
What are variations of phonemes called?
allophones
What is the difference between phonemic and phonetic?
Phonemic refers to abstract system of sounds, phonetic refers to concrete productions of sounds
Who developed the distinctive feature paradigm?
Chomsky-Halle, binary system
How are consonants typically classified?
place-manner-voicing
What sounds are produced with the least amount of restriction in the oral cavity?
liquids
What is the behavioral explanation of speech sound acquisition?
based on conditioning and learning, focuses on describing observable and overt behaviors. Treats the acquisition of speech like the acquisition of other skills. It does not require special phenomena as innate universals
What does the behavioral theory emphasize?
the child develops adult like speech of his or her own community through interactions with the caregiver. The theory holds that the child’s babbling is gradually shaped into adult forms through principles of classical conditioning that occur primarily during caregiver-child interactions.
What is a criticism of the behavioral theory?
it does not account for an infant’s creativity or capacity to produce new patterns. In addition, the evidence is not compelling that caretakers selectively reinforce the child’s sounds in the prelinguistic period.
What is the structural theory?
phonological development follows an innate, universal, and hierarchal order of acquisition of distinctive features. The child begins with maximal contrasts of /p/ and /a/ and differentiates and fine tunes them into more subtle contrasts
What is the natural phonology theory?
natural phonological processes are innate processes that simplify the adult target word. Children learn to suppress processes that do not occur in their languages.
What is the generative phonology theory?
phonological descriptions are dependent on information from other linguistic levels. Second, phonological rules map underlying representations onto surface pronunciations.
How is an infant’s vocal tract significantly different than an adults?
high larynx, far forward placed tongue
What are the stages of prelinguistic acquisition?
birth to 1 month, sounds are reflexive 2-4 months cooing 4-6 months playing with speech, squeals, yells, raspberries, some cv- combos and vowel like sounds 6-8 canonical or reduplicated babbling 8mo-1 variegated babbling 1 year-first meaningful word
What are the acquistiion of sound types?
nasals, stops, glides, liquids, fricatives and affricates, consonant clusters
What are phonological processes?
children’s errors are a way of simplifying the adult model of correct articulation, classified as substitutions, assimilation and syllable structure
What is reduplication?
wawa for water
What is regressive assimilation?
Consonant harmony, guk for duck, bip for zip
What is progressive assimilation?
kick for kis
What is voicing assimilation?
pik for pig, bad for pad
What is epenthesis?
schwa vowel is inserted between consonants
What is diminutization?
dogi for dog
What is metathesis?
pik/kip, pisgetti for spaagetti
What is a functional articulation disorder?
One that cannot be explained on the basis of neurological damage, muscle weakness or paralysis, or structural problems such as cleft paalte
What is an organic articulation disorder?
problems arise from phsyical anomalies
What is ankyloglossia?
tongue tie
What is a class I malocclusion?
the arches themselves are generally aligned properly but some individual teeth are misaligned
What is a class II malocclusion?
upper jaw is protruded and mandible receded
What is a class III malocclusion?
mandible is protruded
What is the goal of diadochokinteic rate?
assess the functional and structural integrity of the lips, jaw, and tongue
What is the definition of an oromyofunctional disorder?
any anatomical or physiological characteristic of the orofacial structures that interferes with normal speech, physical, dentofacial, or psychosocial development, this includes swallow, labial and lingual rest and speech posture difference. Normally this child exhibits deviant swallows.
What is Van Riper’s approach?
foundation for motor approaches to articulation therapy, auditory discrimination/perceptual training, phonetic placement, drill-like repetition, and practice. Clinicians view articulation errors as resulting from motor difficulties, where the child is physically unable to produce the sound and from faulty perceptual skills
What is the underlying assumption of production training?
motor practice leads to automatization and therefore generalization
When are motor based approaches most suitable>?
when the child has only a few phonemes in error and hwo are not highly unintelligible
What is McDonald’s sensory-motor approach?
based on the assumption that the syllable, not the isolated ohoneme is the basic unit of speech production. Phonetic environment is important. Helpful for children with oral-motor coordination difficulties
What is a linguistic approach to articulation therapy?
assume that the child has a rule-governed system with specific patterns, but that this system differs from that of the adult system in the child’s community. Therapy is geared to modifying the child’s underlying rule system.
What is the primary goal of a linguistic approach?
establish phonological rules in a client’s repertoire, therapy focuses on relationships amongst sounds
What do most linguistic approaches utilize?
minimal pairs
What is the distinctive features approach?
establish the missing distinctive features or feature contrasts by teaching relevant sounds.
What is the contrast approach?
minimal pair contrast therapy
What is the metaphon therapy approach?
dissatisfied with minimal pairs, based on the metalinguistic awareness. This therapy is designed to enhance children’s metaphonological. Assumes that children’s difficulties do not lie in actual motor production of speech, but in the acquisition of rules of phonological system. Used with moderate to severe phono children. Helps children understand that sounds can be classified by characteristics
What is the phonological process approach?
based on assumption that a child’s multiple errors reflect the operation of certain phonological rules and that the problem is phonemic, not phonetic.
Cycle’s Approach?
designed to treat children with multiple misarticulations and highly unintelligible speech, error patterns are targeted for remediation based on stimulability, intelligibility, and percentage of occurence.
What is phonological awareness treatment?
awareness of sound structure of a language, child’s abilitty to manipulae and think about the structure of language. Phono difficulties are linked to problems with phonemic awareness. Sound blending, rhyming, alliteration, and others that focus on sound-structure awareness.
