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PRAXIS > Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, and Physiology of the Speech Mech > Flashcards

Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, and Physiology of the Speech Mech Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is the pharynx located in relation to the larynx?

A

superiorly and posteriorly to the larynx

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2
Q

What parts is the pharyngeal cavity divided into?

A

laryngopharynx, oropharynx, nasopharynx

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3
Q

where does the laryngopharynx begin and end?

A

Immediately superior to the larynx and ends at the base of the tongue

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4
Q

Where does the oropharynx extend to?

A

up to the soft palate, connected to the nasopharynx

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5
Q

Where does the nasopharynx extend?

A

soft palate to the beginning of the nasal cavities

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6
Q

What is the pharyngeal plexus composed of?

A

Cranial nerves X and XI

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7
Q

What does the pharyngeal plexus supply?

A

upper pharyngeal musculature

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8
Q

What is the primary elevator of the velum?

A

levator veli palatini (pharyngeal plexus)

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9
Q

What dialates the eustacian tube?

A

tensor veli palatini (V)

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10
Q

What is the function of the palatoglossus?

A

elevates and depresses the velum (pharyngeal plexus)

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11
Q

What is the function of the palatopharyngeus?

A

narrows the pharyngeal cavity, lowers velum, possible elevation assist (pharyngeal plexus)

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12
Q

Where does the premaxilla extend to?

A

the incisive foramen

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13
Q

What bone forms the majority of the hard palate?

A

palatine process

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14
Q

What is the function of the alveolar process?

A

outer edge of maxilla, houses the molar, bicuspid, and cuspid teeth

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15
Q

What does the maxillary bone join posteriorly with?

A

palatine bone

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16
Q

Where does the soft palate attach?

A

palatine bone

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17
Q

What are the two functions of the msucles of the mandible?

A

opening and closing the mouth, chewing food

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18
Q

How are mandibular elevation muscles innervated?

A

Trigeminal

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19
Q

What are mandibular elevators?

A

masseters, temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoid

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20
Q

What are madibular depressors?

A

anterior and posterior belly of digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid

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21
Q

How many deciduous teeth are normally present?

A

20, 10 on each arch

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22
Q

What is the composition of deciduous teeth?

A

4 incisors, 2 canine, 4 molars

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23
Q

What is the composition of adult teeth?

A

32 teeth, 4 incisors, 2 canine, 4 premolar, 6 molar

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24
Q

How are the tongue muscles innervated?

A

XII

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25
Q

What are intrinsic tongue muscles?

A

superior and inferior longitudinal muscles, transverse muscles, vertical muscles

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26
Q

What are extrinsic tongue muscles?

A

genioglossus, styloglossus, chondroglossus, palatoglossus

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27
Q

What muscle forms the bulk of the tongue?

A

genioglossus

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28
Q

What is the primary muscle of the lips?

A

orbicularis oris

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29
Q

What muscles are the cheeks composed of?

A

buccinator

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30
Q

How are most facial nerves innervated?

A

buccal or mandibular branch of the facial nerve

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31
Q

What are scavenger cells called?

A

microglia

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32
Q

Which cells are related to myelin production?

A

Schwann and oligodendrocytes

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33
Q

What parts of the cells recieve impulses and send them?

A

dendrites recieve, axons send

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34
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A

motor, sensory, inter

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35
Q

What are the parts of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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36
Q

What types of nerves make up the PNS?

A

cranial, spinal, autonomic

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37
Q

where do the cranial nerves recieve their innervation from?

A

corticobulbar tract of the pyramidal system

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38
Q

Trigeminal function?

A

sensory-face, motor-jaw

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39
Q

Facial function?

A

sensory-tongue, motor-face

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40
Q

Glossopharyngeal function?

A

sensory-tongue and pharynx, motor-pharynx

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41
Q

Vagus function?

A

sensory and motor-larynx, respiratory, cardiac, GI systems

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42
Q

Hypoglossal function?

A

motor-mostly tongue movements

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43
Q

What cranial nerves travel through the MIDBRAIN?

A

III-IV

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44
Q

What cranial nerves travels through the pons?

A

V-VII

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45
Q

What cranial nerves travel through the medulla?

A

VIII-XII

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46
Q

What would damage to the trigeminal nerve result in?

A

inability to close the mouth, difficulty chewing, and trigeminal neuraligia

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47
Q

What would damage to the facial nerve cause?

A

Mask-like facial appearance with minimal or no expression, lack of sensation on the anterior 2/3 of tongue

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48
Q

What would damage to the auditory nerve cause?

A

hearing loss and problems with balance

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49
Q

What would damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve cause?

A

Difficulty swallowing, unliateral loss of the gag reflex, loss of taste and sensation from posterior 1/3 of the tongue

50
Q

What would damage to the vagus nerve cause?

A

difficulty swallowing, paralysis of the velum, voice problems

51
Q

What innervates the intrinsic msucles of the larynx?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve of the vagus nerve

52
Q

What innervates the CT?

A

superior laryngeal nerve branch of the vagus

53
Q

What supplies the pharyngeal consitrictors and muscles of the velum?

A

pharyngeal branch of the vagus

54
Q

What would damage to the hypoglossal nerve cause?

A

tongue paralysis, diminished intelligibility, and swallowing problems

55
Q

What spinal nerves innervate the diaphragm?

A

C3-C5

56
Q

What are internal and external intercostals innervated by?

A

thoracic nerves

57
Q

What does the brainstem consist of internally?

A

longitudinal fiber tracts, cranial nerve nuclei, reticular formation

58
Q

What does the midbrain’s superior peduncles connect?

A

brainstem and the cerebellum

59
Q

What runs the level of the midbrain?

A

substantia nigra

60
Q

What two things together serve as a connection point between the cerebellum and various cerebral structures?

A

pons and midbrain through inferior and middle peduncles

61
Q

What conains all the fibers that originate in the cerebellum and cerebrum?

A

medulla

62
Q

Why is the medulla important for speech?

A

it contains descending fibers that transmit motor information to several cranial nerve nuclei

63
Q

Where do the pyramidal tracts decussate?

A

medulla

64
Q

What is the function of the reticular activating system?

A

integrates motor impulses flowing out with sensory impulses flowing in, a role in execution of motor activity, alerts the cortex, primary mechanism of attention and consciousness

65
Q

What does the diencephalon contain?

A

third ventricle, hypothalamus and thalamus

66
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

regulates sensory information and relays sensory umpulses to various portions of the cerebral cortex

67
Q

what is the thalamus critical for?

A

maintenance of consciousness and alertness

68
Q

the basal ganglia are part of the extrapyramidal system which does what?

A

helps regulate and modify cortically initiated motor movements.

69
Q

What does a lesion in the basal ganglia cause?

A

unusual body postures, dysarthria, involuntary and uncontrolled movements

70
Q

How are the midbrain, pons, and medulla connected to the cerebellum

A

superior, middle, inferior peduncles

71
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

recieves impukses from other brain centers and helps coordinate and regulate those impulses, modulator of neuronal activity

72
Q

What would damage to the cerebellum cause?

A

neurological disoder called ataxia, slow, sbnormal gait, disturbed balance, ataxic dysarthria

73
Q

Where does the longitudinal fissure extend from?

A

front to back,

74
Q

Where does the fissure of Rolando extend?

A

central sulcus, divides anteriorly and posteriorly

75
Q

Where does the Sylvian fissure extend from?

A

lateral cerebral fissure, inferior portion of the frontal lob, laterally and upward. Areas of the brain surrounding this are critical for speech, language, and hearing

76
Q

What is the primary function of the frontal lobe?

A

critical to the deliberate formation of plans and intentions that dictate a person’s conscious behavior

77
Q

What areas are located in the frontal lobe that are critical to speech?

A

primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, Broca’s area

78
Q

How are all muscles of the body connected to the primary motor cortex?

A

descending motor nerve cells

79
Q

What area is involved in motor planning and a secondary role in regulating motor movements?

A

supplementary motor area

80
Q

Where is Broca’s area located specifically?

A

third convolution of the left cerebral hemisphere, anterior to the portion of the primary motor cortex that controls the lips, tongue, jaw, and laryngeal movements

81
Q

What is the supramarginal gyrus?

A

lies superior to the lateral fissure in the inferior portion of the parietal love. posterior portion curves around the lateral fissure.

82
Q

What does damage to the supramarginal gyrus cause?

A

conduction aphasia

83
Q

What is the angular gyrus?

A

posterior to the supramarginal gyrus

84
Q

What does damage to the angular gyrus cause?

A

writing, reading, and naming difficulties, sometimes transcortical sensory aphasia

85
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex located?

A

superior temporal gyrus

86
Q

Where is the auditory association area and what is it referred to as?

A

Posterior to the primary auditory cortex, Heschel’s gyri

87
Q

where is Wernicke’s area located?

A

posterior two-thirds of the superior temporal gyrus, critical for comprehnsion of spoken and written language

88
Q

What connects Wernicke’s and Broca’s?

A

arcuate fasiculus

89
Q

What is the pyramidal system?

A

direct motor activation pathway that is primarily responsible for facilitating voluntary muscle movement

90
Q

What are the two tracts?

A

corticospinal and corticobulbar

91
Q

What are lower motor neurons?

A

neurons in the spinal and cranial nerves, part of PNS (pyramidal system)

92
Q

What are upper motor neurons?

A

motor fibers within the CNS (pyramidal system)

93
Q

What is the function of the extrapyramidal system?

A

transmits impulses that control the postural support needed by the fine motor movements

94
Q

What does the neuronal activity of the extrapyramidal system influence?

A

lower motor neurons, damage leads to involuntary movement disorders

95
Q

What do projection fibers connect?

A

cortex area and subcortical structures

96
Q

What contains the concentrated and compact projection fibers near the brainstem?

A

internal capsule

97
Q

What do association fibers connect?

A

areas within a hemisphere

98
Q

What is the arcuate fasciculus important for?

A

verbal memory, language acquisition, and meaningful language production, connects Broca’s with Wernicke’s

99
Q

What do comissural fibers connect?

A

left and right hemispheres

100
Q

Damage to the corpus callosum causes what?

A

disconnectio nsyndomre, problems naming, reading, movement, and other functions

101
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

choroid plexus

102
Q

What is the function of CSF?

A

nourishes neural tissues, removes waste products, cushions brain, regulates intracranial pressure

103
Q

Are are ventricles 1 & 2 connected to 3?

A

foramen of Monroe

104
Q

What verntricle is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord below and cerebral acqueduct above?

A

fourth

105
Q

What three layers compose the meninges?

A

dura mater, arachnoid, pia

106
Q

Where does CSF fill, what space?

A

subarachnoid space

107
Q

what percent of the body’s blood does the brain require?

A

20%

108
Q

What are the major structure that supply blood to the brain?

A

carotid and vertebral arteries, aorta, and circle of willis

109
Q

What does the aorta divide into?

A

two carotid and two subclavian arteries

110
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries branch from?

A

subclavian arteries

111
Q

What do the two vertebral arteries join to form?

A

basilar

112
Q

What does the basilar artery divide into?

A

posterior cerebral arteries

113
Q

What does the posterior cererbal artery supply?

A

lateral and lower portions of the temporal lobes and lateral and middle portions of the occipital lobes

114
Q

what does the external carotid artery supply?

A

muscles of mouth, nose, forehead, and face

115
Q

What does the internal carotid artery supply?

A

major supplier of blood to brain

116
Q

What does the internal carotid artery branch into?

A

middle cerebral and anterior cerebral artery

117
Q

What does the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

entire lateral surface of the cortex and major regions of the frontal lobe, major areas involved with motor and sensory functions and language, speech, and hearing functions.
Motor cortex, Broca’s, primary auditory cortex, Wernicke’s, supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus, somatosensory cortex

118
Q

What does damage to the middle cerebral artery result in?

A

strokes, aphasia, reading and writing deficits, contralateral hemiplegia, impaired sense of pain, temperature, touch and position

119
Q

What does the anterior cererbral artery supply?

A

middle portion of parietal and fronal lobe, supplies blood to the cirpus callosum and basal ganglia.

120
Q

What does damage to the anterior cerebral artery cause?

A

cognitive deficits such as impaired judgment, concentration, and reasoning, paralysis of feet and legs

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