Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, and Physiology of the Speech Mech Flashcards
Where is the pharynx located in relation to the larynx?
superiorly and posteriorly to the larynx
What parts is the pharyngeal cavity divided into?
laryngopharynx, oropharynx, nasopharynx
where does the laryngopharynx begin and end?
Immediately superior to the larynx and ends at the base of the tongue
Where does the oropharynx extend to?
up to the soft palate, connected to the nasopharynx
Where does the nasopharynx extend?
soft palate to the beginning of the nasal cavities
What is the pharyngeal plexus composed of?
Cranial nerves X and XI
What does the pharyngeal plexus supply?
upper pharyngeal musculature
What is the primary elevator of the velum?
levator veli palatini (pharyngeal plexus)
What dialates the eustacian tube?
tensor veli palatini (V)
What is the function of the palatoglossus?
elevates and depresses the velum (pharyngeal plexus)
What is the function of the palatopharyngeus?
narrows the pharyngeal cavity, lowers velum, possible elevation assist (pharyngeal plexus)
Where does the premaxilla extend to?
the incisive foramen
What bone forms the majority of the hard palate?
palatine process
What is the function of the alveolar process?
outer edge of maxilla, houses the molar, bicuspid, and cuspid teeth
What does the maxillary bone join posteriorly with?
palatine bone
Where does the soft palate attach?
palatine bone
What are the two functions of the msucles of the mandible?
opening and closing the mouth, chewing food
How are mandibular elevation muscles innervated?
Trigeminal
What are mandibular elevators?
masseters, temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoid
What are madibular depressors?
anterior and posterior belly of digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid
How many deciduous teeth are normally present?
20, 10 on each arch
What is the composition of deciduous teeth?
4 incisors, 2 canine, 4 molars
What is the composition of adult teeth?
32 teeth, 4 incisors, 2 canine, 4 premolar, 6 molar
How are the tongue muscles innervated?
XII
What are intrinsic tongue muscles?
superior and inferior longitudinal muscles, transverse muscles, vertical muscles
What are extrinsic tongue muscles?
genioglossus, styloglossus, chondroglossus, palatoglossus
What muscle forms the bulk of the tongue?
genioglossus
What is the primary muscle of the lips?
orbicularis oris
What muscles are the cheeks composed of?
buccinator
How are most facial nerves innervated?
buccal or mandibular branch of the facial nerve
What are scavenger cells called?
microglia
Which cells are related to myelin production?
Schwann and oligodendrocytes
What parts of the cells recieve impulses and send them?
dendrites recieve, axons send
What are the three types of neurons?
motor, sensory, inter
What are the parts of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
What types of nerves make up the PNS?
cranial, spinal, autonomic
where do the cranial nerves recieve their innervation from?
corticobulbar tract of the pyramidal system
Trigeminal function?
sensory-face, motor-jaw
Facial function?
sensory-tongue, motor-face
Glossopharyngeal function?
sensory-tongue and pharynx, motor-pharynx
Vagus function?
sensory and motor-larynx, respiratory, cardiac, GI systems
Hypoglossal function?
motor-mostly tongue movements
What cranial nerves travel through the MIDBRAIN?
III-IV
What cranial nerves travels through the pons?
V-VII
What cranial nerves travel through the medulla?
VIII-XII
What would damage to the trigeminal nerve result in?
inability to close the mouth, difficulty chewing, and trigeminal neuraligia
What would damage to the facial nerve cause?
Mask-like facial appearance with minimal or no expression, lack of sensation on the anterior 2/3 of tongue
What would damage to the auditory nerve cause?
hearing loss and problems with balance
What would damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve cause?
Difficulty swallowing, unliateral loss of the gag reflex, loss of taste and sensation from posterior 1/3 of the tongue
What would damage to the vagus nerve cause?
difficulty swallowing, paralysis of the velum, voice problems
What innervates the intrinsic msucles of the larynx?
recurrent laryngeal nerve of the vagus nerve
What innervates the CT?
superior laryngeal nerve branch of the vagus
What supplies the pharyngeal consitrictors and muscles of the velum?
pharyngeal branch of the vagus
What would damage to the hypoglossal nerve cause?
tongue paralysis, diminished intelligibility, and swallowing problems
What spinal nerves innervate the diaphragm?
C3-C5
What are internal and external intercostals innervated by?
thoracic nerves
What does the brainstem consist of internally?
longitudinal fiber tracts, cranial nerve nuclei, reticular formation
What does the midbrain’s superior peduncles connect?
brainstem and the cerebellum
What runs the level of the midbrain?
substantia nigra
What two things together serve as a connection point between the cerebellum and various cerebral structures?
pons and midbrain through inferior and middle peduncles
What conains all the fibers that originate in the cerebellum and cerebrum?
medulla
Why is the medulla important for speech?
it contains descending fibers that transmit motor information to several cranial nerve nuclei
Where do the pyramidal tracts decussate?
medulla
What is the function of the reticular activating system?
integrates motor impulses flowing out with sensory impulses flowing in, a role in execution of motor activity, alerts the cortex, primary mechanism of attention and consciousness
What does the diencephalon contain?
third ventricle, hypothalamus and thalamus
What is the function of the thalamus?
regulates sensory information and relays sensory umpulses to various portions of the cerebral cortex
what is the thalamus critical for?
maintenance of consciousness and alertness
the basal ganglia are part of the extrapyramidal system which does what?
helps regulate and modify cortically initiated motor movements.
What does a lesion in the basal ganglia cause?
unusual body postures, dysarthria, involuntary and uncontrolled movements
How are the midbrain, pons, and medulla connected to the cerebellum
superior, middle, inferior peduncles
What is the function of the cerebellum?
recieves impukses from other brain centers and helps coordinate and regulate those impulses, modulator of neuronal activity
What would damage to the cerebellum cause?
neurological disoder called ataxia, slow, sbnormal gait, disturbed balance, ataxic dysarthria
Where does the longitudinal fissure extend from?
front to back,
Where does the fissure of Rolando extend?
central sulcus, divides anteriorly and posteriorly
Where does the Sylvian fissure extend from?
lateral cerebral fissure, inferior portion of the frontal lob, laterally and upward. Areas of the brain surrounding this are critical for speech, language, and hearing
What is the primary function of the frontal lobe?
critical to the deliberate formation of plans and intentions that dictate a person’s conscious behavior
What areas are located in the frontal lobe that are critical to speech?
primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, Broca’s area
How are all muscles of the body connected to the primary motor cortex?
descending motor nerve cells
What area is involved in motor planning and a secondary role in regulating motor movements?
supplementary motor area
Where is Broca’s area located specifically?
third convolution of the left cerebral hemisphere, anterior to the portion of the primary motor cortex that controls the lips, tongue, jaw, and laryngeal movements
What is the supramarginal gyrus?
lies superior to the lateral fissure in the inferior portion of the parietal love. posterior portion curves around the lateral fissure.
What does damage to the supramarginal gyrus cause?
conduction aphasia
What is the angular gyrus?
posterior to the supramarginal gyrus
What does damage to the angular gyrus cause?
writing, reading, and naming difficulties, sometimes transcortical sensory aphasia
Where is the primary auditory cortex located?
superior temporal gyrus
Where is the auditory association area and what is it referred to as?
Posterior to the primary auditory cortex, Heschel’s gyri
where is Wernicke’s area located?
posterior two-thirds of the superior temporal gyrus, critical for comprehnsion of spoken and written language
What connects Wernicke’s and Broca’s?
arcuate fasiculus
What is the pyramidal system?
direct motor activation pathway that is primarily responsible for facilitating voluntary muscle movement
What are the two tracts?
corticospinal and corticobulbar
What are lower motor neurons?
neurons in the spinal and cranial nerves, part of PNS (pyramidal system)
What are upper motor neurons?
motor fibers within the CNS (pyramidal system)
What is the function of the extrapyramidal system?
transmits impulses that control the postural support needed by the fine motor movements
What does the neuronal activity of the extrapyramidal system influence?
lower motor neurons, damage leads to involuntary movement disorders
What do projection fibers connect?
cortex area and subcortical structures
What contains the concentrated and compact projection fibers near the brainstem?
internal capsule
What do association fibers connect?
areas within a hemisphere
What is the arcuate fasciculus important for?
verbal memory, language acquisition, and meaningful language production, connects Broca’s with Wernicke’s
What do comissural fibers connect?
left and right hemispheres
Damage to the corpus callosum causes what?
disconnectio nsyndomre, problems naming, reading, movement, and other functions
Where is CSF produced?
choroid plexus
What is the function of CSF?
nourishes neural tissues, removes waste products, cushions brain, regulates intracranial pressure
Are are ventricles 1 & 2 connected to 3?
foramen of Monroe
What verntricle is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord below and cerebral acqueduct above?
fourth
What three layers compose the meninges?
dura mater, arachnoid, pia
Where does CSF fill, what space?
subarachnoid space
what percent of the body’s blood does the brain require?
20%
What are the major structure that supply blood to the brain?
carotid and vertebral arteries, aorta, and circle of willis
What does the aorta divide into?
two carotid and two subclavian arteries
Where do the vertebral arteries branch from?
subclavian arteries
What do the two vertebral arteries join to form?
basilar
What does the basilar artery divide into?
posterior cerebral arteries
What does the posterior cererbal artery supply?
lateral and lower portions of the temporal lobes and lateral and middle portions of the occipital lobes
what does the external carotid artery supply?
muscles of mouth, nose, forehead, and face
What does the internal carotid artery supply?
major supplier of blood to brain
What does the internal carotid artery branch into?
middle cerebral and anterior cerebral artery
What does the middle cerebral artery supply?
entire lateral surface of the cortex and major regions of the frontal lobe, major areas involved with motor and sensory functions and language, speech, and hearing functions.
Motor cortex, Broca’s, primary auditory cortex, Wernicke’s, supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus, somatosensory cortex
What does damage to the middle cerebral artery result in?
strokes, aphasia, reading and writing deficits, contralateral hemiplegia, impaired sense of pain, temperature, touch and position
What does the anterior cererbral artery supply?
middle portion of parietal and fronal lobe, supplies blood to the cirpus callosum and basal ganglia.
What does damage to the anterior cerebral artery cause?
cognitive deficits such as impaired judgment, concentration, and reasoning, paralysis of feet and legs
