Articulaciones Flashcards
Functional Classification of Joints
1) Synarthroses (syn = together; arthro = joint): immovable joints 2) Amphiarthroses (amphi = on both sides): slightly movable 3) Diarthroses (dia = through, apart): freely movable
Diarthroses
dia = through, apart; arthro = joint freely movable. ex. in the limbs
Synarthroses
syn = together; arthro = joint immovable joints ex. in the Axial skeleton
Amphiarthroses
amphi = on both sides slightly movable ex. in the Axial skeleton
Structural classification of Joints
1) Fibrous = (Suture, Syndesmosis, Gomphosis) 2) Cartilaginous = (Synchondrosis, Symphysis) 3) Synovial = (Plane, Hinge, Pivot, Condylar, Saddle, Ball and socket)
Fibrous Joints
Bone ends / parts united by collagen fibers 1) Suture = short fibers / immobile (Synarthrosis) 2) Syndesmosis, = longer fibers / slightly movable (amphiarthrosis) & immobile 3) Gomphosis = periodontal ligament / immobile (synarthrosis)
Cartilaginous Joints
Bone ends / parts united by cartillage
1) Synchondrosis = hyaline cartilage / immobile (synarthrosis)
2) Symphysis = fibrocartilage / slightly movable (Amphiarthrosis).
Ligament (attachment)
Ligaments attach from bone to bone (Likes to likes)
Tendons (attachment)
Attach from bone to muscle
Gliding movements
when flat bone surfaces glide or slide over one another. Occur at cartilaginous joints; Ex. = intervertebral discs and sternoclavicular joints.
Angular movements (def)
changes in angles between bones; occur only at synovial joints.
Angular movements (types)
- Flexion 2. Dorsiflexion 3. Plantar flexion 4. Extension 5. Hyperextension 6. Abduction 7. Adduction 8. Circumduction 9. Rotation
Flexion
Decreasing the angle between 2 bones. Ex= head toward chest.
Dorsiflexion
Bringing foot closer to shin
Plantar flexion
Pointing one’s toe (flexion toward the sole).
Extension
Increasing the angle between 2 bones. Ex. = straightening a flexed neck
Hyperextension
Increasing the angle greater than 180o
Abduction
Moving a limb away from the midline. Ex = raising arm or thigh laterally;
Adduction
moving a limb toward the midline
General structure of synovial joints
Knee joint labeled
Knee joint labeled
Knee joint labeled
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
(lumen, basement membrane, nuclei)
(ovary surface, kidney tubules, ducts of small glands)
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Simple Culumnar epithelium
(nucleus, basement membrane, goblet cells)
(non-ciliated lines the digestive tract (stomach to rectum), gallblader; Ciliated lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, uterus)
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Simple Squamos epithelium
(nucleus, basement membrane, lumen)
(air sacs of lungs, kidney gomerulli, lining of heart, blood vessels)
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Simple Squamos epithelium
(nucleus, basement membrane, lumen)
(air sacs of lungs, kidney gomerulli, lining of heart, blood vessels)
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Stratified Squamous keritanized epithelium
(keratin layer, layers of dead cells (stratum granulosum), layer of keratinocytes (stratum spinosum), basement membrane)
Epidermis of skin
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Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
(layers of squamous cells, basement membrane)
(moist lining of vagina, esophagus, mouth)
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Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
(nucleus, basement membrane, goblet cells and cilia)
(Trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract)
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Transitional epithelium
(resembles both stratified squamous and cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shape or squamouslike), Basement membrane, connective tissue
(ureters, bladder, part of the urethra)
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Osteon, Haversian canal, Osteocytes in lacuna, volkman’s (perforating) canal, lamellae, canaliculi
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Loose connective Tissue (adipose)
cytoplasmic rim of adipocytes, nucleus, vauoles (occupied by lipid droplets)
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Loose Connective tissue (areolar)
(fibroblast nuclei, elastic fibers, collagen fibers, ground substance)
(surrounds capillaries, lamina propia of mucous membranes, packages organs)
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Dense regular Connective Tissue
(Fibroblast nuclei, collagen fibers woven, elastic fibers occupy free space)
(Tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses)
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Dense Irregular Connective tissue
(nuclei of fibroblast, collagen bundles in masses, irregular arranged in various directions)
(dermis of the skin, fibrous capsules of organs and joints)
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White Fibrous Connective Tissue (Dense regular)
(Fibroblasts flattened in rows, collagen fibers in parallel bundles)
(The Eyes - the sclera, bursa)
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Hyaline Cartilage
(Chondrocytes in lacuna, homogeneous matrix)
(embrionic skeleton, covers ends of long bones in joint cavities; costal cartilage, nose, trachea, larynx)
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Elastic Cartilage
(Chondrocytes in lacuna, matrix with elastic fibers)
(external ear (pinna), epiglottis)
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Fibrocartilage (similar to Hyaline cartilage)
(Chondrocytes in train like row, collagen fibers in matrix (wavy and parallel in arrangement),
(intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis, meniscst)
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Blood smear - Wright’s stain
(Erithrocytes, white blood cells, platelets)
