article #3- Krys et al

Question 1

participants were from:

Answer 1

7 countries:
- china
- germany
- iran
- norway
- poland
- usa
- south africa (divided into white and non-white)

Question 2

research question

Answer 2

Do different countries perceive people as more or less intelligent when they are smiling?

-looking at smiling in the “competence dimension”

Question 3

what were the results?

Answer 3

• in Germany and China, smiling people were seen as more intelligent
• in Iran, they were seen as less intelligent

this corresponds to the GLOBE project’s dimension of Uncertainty Avoidance (UA)

Question 4

What do the researchers think explain the results?

Answer 4

they suggest the results can be explained by “cultural diversity within the dimension of uncertainty avoidance described in the GLOBE project)

so, differences in culture in how much uncertainty avoidance they have

• cultures low on UA are less predictable and have fewer societal requirements/ instructions
• expressing certainty by smiling may be seen as confusing and express inconsistency

Question 5

two main dimensions of social perception

Answer 5

• warmth/communication
• competence/agency

Question 6

procedure

Answer 6

• rate 8 smiling and non-smiling faces of various ethnicities (broken into 2 sets)
• half participants received one set, the other half received the other.
• marterials were written in Polish and English and translated into the languages of each country
• they rated the photographs on a 7 point likert scale with the items “intelligent,smart,” and “stupid, dumb”

Question 7

independent variables

Answer 7

1. smile or no smile
2. the culture of the participant

Question 8

dependent variable

Answer 8

perceived intelligence
- measured with the items intelligent, smart, and stupid, dumb, on a 7 point likert scale

Question 9

differences in gender?

Answer 9

• female participants rated overall intelligence of all (smiling and non-smiling) targes higher.
• gender of the target didnt influence intelligence perceptions

Question 10

what we know from previous studies

Answer 10

• smiling people are seen as happier,
• kind, honest, more attractive, competent
• more likeable,
• elicit more cooperation
• a person who smiles can also be seen as self-confident and high self-esteem

previous study in intelligence and smiling were done, had mixed results. found smiling = intellegence in Hong Kong, and US. smilling = unintelligence in Brazil and Japan, but they had very small samples and can’t be generalized