Arthrology Flashcards
What term is used to identify the study of ligaments?
Syndesmology
What are the three histological classifications of joints?
Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial fluid
Which classification of synarthrosis joints implies a bond condition?
Syndesmosis
What is the classification of a joint held together with cartilage?
Synchondrosis
What is the classification of a joint formed by a growth condition?
Symphysis
What are the two subclassifications of amphiarthrosis joints based on Latin groupings?
Synchondrosis, Symphisis
What are the Latin subclassifications of diarthrosis joints?
Arthrodia, ginglumus, trochoid, condylar/bicondylar, ellipsoidal, sellar and cotyloid (spheroidal or enarthrosis)
What is the classification of a plane or gliding synovial joint?
Arthrodia
What is the classification of a hinge type synovial joint?
Ginglymus
What is the classification of a pivot type synovial joint?
Trochoid
What is the classification of a knuckle type synovial joint?
Condylar or Bicondylar
What is the classification of an oval-like synovial joint?
Ellipsoidal
What is the classification of a ball and socket synovial joint?
Cotyloid, spheroidal or enarthrosis
The ligamentous sacro-iliac joints are examples of which joint classification?
Syndesmosis
What are examples of a permanent (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis?
Costochondral joints of the first sternochondral joint
What are the characteristics of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis?
limited motion, median plane location, support ligaments both anterior and posterior to the joint, more permanent in longevity than synchondrosis and they occur between developing by endochondral ossification
Which examples of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis is temporary?
Symphysis menti
What are the four consistent features of synovial (diarthrosis) joints?
Articular/Fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage and synovial fluid.
What are the characteristics of the type 1 articular receptors?
Located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule, resemble Ruffini endings, most numerous in cervical zygapophyses and they monitor the joint “at rest”.
What are the characteristics of Type 2 articular receptors?
Located in deeper strata of the fibrous capsule, resemble Pacinian corpuscles, most numerous in the cervical spine and monitor the joint during normal ROM.
What are the characteristics of type 3 articular receptors?
Present in collateral and intrinsic ligamens, resemble Golgi Tendon organs, not initially observed along the vertebral column and monitor extreme joint movement.
What is the function of type 4 articular receptors?
nociceptive, they monitor pain
Type 4b articular receptors would be present in what locations?
Accessory ligaments in general, dense in the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine.
What are the three modifications of articular synovial membrane?
1) Synovial Villi
2) Articular fat pads or Haversian glands
3) Synovial menisci and intra-articular discs
Articular fat pads are most numerous in what location along the vertebral column?
Lumbar zygapophyses
Intra-articular discs are a feature of what joints examples?
Temporomanidbular, sternoclavicular, arcromioclavicular and radio-ulnar joints.
Synovial menisci are a feature of what joint examples?
Femur-tibia articulation, cervical zygapophyses and Lumbar zygapophyses.
What are the specific functions of type A synovial cells?
Are phagocytic
What is the specific function of type B synovial cells?
secrete proteinaceous substances and hyaluronic acid
Which collagen fiber type predominates in articular cartilage?
Type 2
What is the primary function of bound GAGs in articular cartilage?
Form a network for water retention.
What is implied when cartilage is said to have elastic properties?
Cartilage can deform and return to original volume rapidly, a time independent property.
What is implied when cartilage is said to have viscoelastic properties?
Cartilage can deform but returns to original volume slowly, a time dependent property.
Which theory of joint lubrication implies a loss of fluid from the cartilage into the joint space during compression results in increased viscosity of the synovial fluid?
Weeping theory
Which theory of joint lubrication implies water loss form the synovial fluid increases viscosity of the remaining synovial fluid?
Boosted Theory
Which theory of joint lubrication implies and ADSORBTION of lubricant onto cartilage surfaces is responsible for the low-friction observed during movement?
Boundary Theory
What are the properties of synovial fluid?
it is yellow-white, viscous, slightly alkaline and tastes salty.
Which substance in synovial fluid was first thought to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?
Hyaluronate
What substance in synovial fluid has been PROPOSED to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?
Lubricin
What is a complex synovial joint (diarthrosis)?
Within the simple joint or the compound joint, the articulating surfaces are separated by an articular disc (intra-articular disc) or meniscus.
What morphological classification of synovial joints is classified as nonaxial?
Plane (diarthrosis arthrodial)
What morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as uniaxial?
- Hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus)
- Pivot (diarthrosis trochoid)
What morphological classification of synovial joint would be classified as biaxial?
- (diarthrosis) bicondylar
- (diarthrosis) condylar
- (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal
- saddle (diarthrosis sellar)
What morphological classification of synovial joints would be classified as multiaxial?
-Ball and Socket (diarthrosis enarthrosis)
-(diarthrosis spheroidal)
-(diarthrosis cotyloid)
These are all classifications given to the same type of joint.
What are the examples of synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joints?
Median atlanto-axial joint and proximal radio-ulnar joint.
What are examples of diarthrosis condylar or diarthrosis bicondylar joints?
temporomandibular joint and femur-tibia joint of the knee.
What are examples of diarthrosis ellipsoidal joints?
Radiocarpal joint of the wrist, metacarpo-phalangeal joints of the foot and the atlanto-occipital joint of the vertebral column.
What are examples of synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) joints?
carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, talocrural joint of the ankle and the calcaneocuboid joint of the foot.
What are examples of diarthrosis cotyloid joints?
Femur-acetabulum of the innominate articulation at the hip and the humerus- glenoid cavity of the scapula articulation at the shoulder.
