ARTHOLOGY OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN - additional vertebral column arthology (joints) Flashcards
What are the attachment sites of the anterior atlanto-occipital ligament?
it is attached to the upper margin of the anterior arch of C1 and to the anterior margin of the foramen magnum
What is the median thickening of the anterior atlanto-occipital ligament called?
the anterior longitudinal ligament
What is the classic function of the anterior atlanto-occiptial ligament?
it brakes or limits “extension” of the skull over the cervical spine
What is the classic function of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament?
it brakes or limits axial rotation, flexion, and perhaps lateral bending of the skull on atlas
What amount of flexion-extension is accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?
about twenty-five degrees
What amount of axial rotation is accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?
about three to eight degrees one side axial rotation
What amount of lateral bending is accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?
about five degrees
Which motion is best accommodated by the atlanto-occipital joint?
flexion-extension
What are the joint surfaces of the median atlanto-axial joint at the anterior bursa?
the fovea dentis of C1 and the facet for fovea dentis of C2
What are the joint surfaces of the median atlanto-axial joint at the posterior bursa?
the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament of C2 and the transverse atlantal ligament
What ligament is formed by the transverse atlantal ligament and its perpendicular extension?
the cruciate ligament or cruciform ligament
What is the function of the transverse atlantal ligament?
it is the primary stabilizer of the atlanto-axial joint restricing the distance of C2 from the anterior arch of C1
What is the ADI?
the Atlanto-Dental Interspace, a radiographic distance between the surfaces of the anterior bursa of the median atlanto-axial joint
What is the ADI of children compared with that of adults?
about 4.5mm in children; a range of 2-3mm or about 2.5mm in adults
What are the characteristics of the capsular ligament of the lateral atlanto-axial joint?
it is lax or loose and demonstrates a meniscoidal fold within the joint cavity
Where is accessory atlanto-axial ligament observed?
anterior to the membrana tectoria/tectorial membrane
What are the attachment sites for the accessory atlanto-axial ligament?
the base of the odontoid process and vertebral body of axis to the tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament on the lateral mass of C1; a superior continuation may attach on the occipital bone just behind that of the alar ligament
What ligament forms the posterior boundary of the spinal canal at the C1/C2 vertebral couple?
the posterior atlanto-axial ligament
What are the degrees of movement facilitated at the atlanto-axial joint?
about 20 degrees flexion-extension, 40 degrees one side axial rotation, and 5 degrees of lateral bending
The occiput-C1-C2 joint complex accounts for what percent of all cervical axial rotation?
about 60%
What name is given to the occipital-C2 region of the spine?
the craniovertebral junction
What ligaments are present at the occipito-axial joint?
the apical ligament of the dens/apicodental ligament, alar ligament and membrana tectoria/tectorial membrane
What ligament attaches to the anterior margin of the foramen magnum and the tip of the odontoid process of C2?
the apical ligament of the dens or the apicodental ligament
Embryologicall, what forms the apical ligament of the dens or the apicodental ligament?
the notochord
What is the function of the apical ligament of the dens or the apicodental ligament?
it has no known function
What ligament attaches to the posterolateral part of the odontoid process of C2 and to surfaces on the medial border of the occipital condyle or as far anterior as the anterolateral margin of the foramen magnum?
the alar ligament
What is the funciton of the alar ligament?
together they function to resist axial rotation
What forms the cranial continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
the membrana tectoria or tectorial membrane
What ligament is anterior to the dura mater of the medulla oblongata-spinal cord junction?
the membrana tectoria or tectorial membrane
What is the function of the membrana tectoria or tectorial membrane?
it resists flexion and extension of the skull on the upper cervical spine
List, in order, the ligaments in a midsagittal plane from the dura mater at the level of the medulla oblongata to the anterior bursa of the median atlanto-axial joint?
the membrana tectoria (tectorial membrane)
the cruciate ligament
the capsular ligament of the posterior bursa of the median atlanto-axial joint
the apical ligament of the dens or the apicodental ligament
For the cervical spine below C2, what is the range of flexion-extension?
about 90 degrees or about 18 degrees per couple
For the cervical spine below C2, what is the range of one side lateral bending?
about 50 degrees or about 10 degrees per couple
For the cervical spine below C2, what is the range of one side axial rotation?
about 33 degrees or about six degrees per couple
What are the joint surfaces of the costocentral joint of the first, eleventh and twelfth ribs?
the superior costal facet on the vertebral body of T1, T11 or T12, and the articular surface of the head of the first, eleventh or twelfth rib
An intra-articular ligament will be identified with which ribs?
ribs 2-9
At what rib will the superior costotransverse ligament be absent?
the first rib
What ligaments will attach to the neck of the twelfth rib?
the superior costotransverse ligament from T11 and the lumbocostal ligament from L1
Which ribs will have an attachment for the inferior costotransverse ligament?
rib 1 - rib 11
Which ligament “fills” the costotransverse foramen?
the inferior costotransverse ligament
Which vertebrae will have an attachment for the alteral costotransverse ligament?
T1-T11
At what rib will the lateral costotransverse ligament be absent?
the twelfth rib
Which vertebral couples of the thoracic spine have the greatest motion?
T11/T12 and T12/L1
Which range of motion is greatest for lower thoracic vertebral couples?
flexion-extension
Which range of motion is least for lower thoracic vertebral couples?
one side axial rotation
Which ligaments replace the intertransverse ligament at the lumbosacral joint?
the iliolumbar ligament and lumbosacral ligament
The lumbosacral ligament will blend with which sacro-iliac joint ligaments?
the anterior sacro-iliac ligament
What are the attachment sites for the anterior iliolumbar ligament?
the vertebral body and transverse process of L5 is attached to the ilium
What muscle is intimately attached to the superior iliolumbar ligament?
quadratus lumborum
Which of the current ligaments from the iliolumbar ligament complex represents the iliolumbar ligament of classical descriptions?
the superior iliolumbar ligament
Which ligament from the iliolumbar ligament complex represents the lumbosacral ligament of classical descriptions?
the inferior iliolumbar ligament
Which vertebral couple of the lumbar spine has the greatest range of motion?
L5/S1
Which range of motion is greatest for all lumbar vertebral couples?
flexion-extension
Which range of motion is least for L1-L5 vertebral couples?
one side axial rotation
Which range of motion is least for the l5/S1 vertebral couple
one side lateral bending
What ligament represents the continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament at the sacrococcygeal joint?
the deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
What ligament represents the homolog of the ligamentum flavum at the scarococcygeal joint?
the superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
Which gender has greater unevenness of the auricular surface of the sacro-iliac joint?
males
What forms the accessory sacro-iliac joint?
the sacral tuberosity and the iliac sulcus
What pathological or age related modifications of the sacro-iliac joint may occur?
degenerative arthrosis and ankylosis
What is the age and surface bias associated with degenerative arthrosis of the sacro-iliac joint?
age 40, the iliac auricular surface
What is the age and gender bias associated with ankylosis of the sacro-iliac joint?
age 50 and male bias particularly in African American males
Which is the strongest of the sacro-iliac ligaments?
the interosseous sacro-iliac ligament
What passes between the layers of the interosseous sacro-iliac ligament?
dorsal rami from the sacral spinal nerves
What ligament blends with the lateral border of the long posterior sacro-iliac ligament?
the sacrotuberous ligament
What is formed by the continuation of the sacrotuberous ligament along the ischial ramus?
the falciform process
What separates the greater sciatic and lesser sciatic foramina?
the sacrspinous ligament
