ARTHOLOGY OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN

Question 1

The ligamentous sacro-iliac joints (or most of the ligamentous joints of the vertebral column) are examples of which joint classification?

Answer 1

syndesmosis

Question 2

Which classification of cartilage joint is the first to appear developmentally?

Answer 2

(amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis

Question 3

Which cartilage joint has limited motion, lies in the median plane and occurs between bones formed by endochondral ossification?

Answer 3

(amphiarthrosis) symphysis

Question 4

What is the generic function of ligaments?

Answer 4

stimulate reflex contraction of muscles around the joint

Question 5

What are the characteristics of type II articular receptors?

Answer 5

located in deeper strata of the fibrous capsule, resemble Pacinian corpuscles, most numerous in the cervical spine and monitor the joint during normal range of motion

Question 6

What are the characteristics of type III articular receptors?

Answer 6

present in collateral and intrinsic ligaments, resemble Golgi tendon organs, not initially observed along the vertebral column and monitor extreme joint motion

Question 7

What is the function of type IV articular receptors?

Answer 7

nociceptive, they monitor pain

Question 8

Type IVa articular receptors would be present in what locations?

Answer 8

fibrous capsule, articular fat pads or adventitia of blood vessels

Question 9

Type IVb articular receptors would be present in what locations?

Answer 9

accessory ligaments in general, dense in the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine

Question 10

What are the three modifications of articular synovial membrane?

Answer 10

1. synovial villi
2. articular fat pads or Haversian glands
3. synovial menisci and intra-articular discs

Question 11

What is the apparent function of synovial villi?

Answer 11

increase the surface of synovial membrane available for secretion - absorption phenomena

Question 12

Articular fat pads are most numerous in what location along the vertebral column?

Answer 12

lumbar zygapophyses

Question 13

What are the specific functions of type A synovial cells?

Answer 13

are phagocytic

Question 14

What is the specific function of type B synovial cells?

Answer 14

secrete proteinaceous substances and hyaluronic acid

Question 15

Which collagen fiber type predominates in articular cartilage?

Answer 15

type II

Question 16

What is the primary function of bound glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage?

Answer 16

form a network for water retention

Question 17

What is implied when cartilage is said to have elastic properties?

Answer 17

cartilage can deform and returns to original volume rapidly, a time independent property

Question 18

What is implied when cartilage is said to have viscoelastic properties?

Answer 18

cartilage can deform but returns to original volume slowly, a time dependent property

Question 19

What are the properties of synovial fluid?

Answer 19

it is yellow-white, viscous, slightly alkaline and tastes salty

Question 20

What is a complex synovial joint (diarthrosis)?

Answer 20

within the simple joint or the compound joint, the articulating surfaces are separated by an articular disc (intra-articular disc) or meniscus

Question 21

What morphological classification of synovial joints is classified as nonaxial?

Answer 21

plane (diarthrosis arthrodial)

Question 22

What morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as uniaxial?

Answer 22

hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus) and pivot (diarthrosis trochoid)

Question 23

What morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as biaxial?

Answer 23

(diarthrosis) bicondylar, (diarthrosis) condylar, (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal and saddle (diarthrosis sellar)

Question 24

What morphological classification of synovial joints would be classified as multiaxial?

Answer 24

ball and socked (diarthrosis enarthrosis), (diarthrosis spheroidal), (diarthrosis cotyloid) are all classifications given to the same joint

Question 25

Diarthrosis ginglymus joints are commonly called ____ joints based on action

Answer 25

synovial hinge

Question 26

Diarthrosis trochoid joints are commonly called ___ joints based on action

Answer 26

synovial pivot

Question 27

What are the common ligaments of the vertebral column?

Answer 27

those ligaments commonly found between vertebral couples from C2/C3 to L4/L5

Question 28

What is the maximum number of common ligaments identified with a vertebral couple?

Answer 28

eight

Question 29

what is the reason that nine common ligaments are identified but only eight will be attached at any specific vertebral couple?

Answer 29

the ligamentum nuchae and supraspinous ligaments attach to the spinous tubercles, but only one of these will be identified at a single vertebral couple